Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Set 2 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Political Science Set 2 with Solutions
Time : 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions:
- The question paper consists of five sections (A, B, C, D, and E) with 30 questions in total.
- All questions are compulsory.
- Question numbers 1-12 are multiple choice questions of one mark each.
- Question numbers 13-18 are of 2 marks each. Answers for these questions should not exceed 50-60 words each.
- Question numbers 19-23 are of 4 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 100-120 words each. There is an internal choice in two of the 4 marks questions.
- Question numbers 24-26 are passage, cartoon, and map-based questions. Answer accordingly.
- Question numbers 27-30 are of 6 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 170-180 words.
- There is an internal choice in 6 marks questions.
Section-A
Question 1.
Match the following: [1]
List I | List II |
A. Dispute between State of Bihar and Union of India will be heard by | (i) Single Constitution |
B. Appeal from District Court of Haryana will go to | (ii) Supreme Court |
C. Single Integrated Judiciary | (iii) Judicial Review |
D. Declaring a law Unconstitutional | (iv) High Court |
(a) A-iv B-ii C-iii D-i
(b) A-iv B-ii C-i D-iii
(c) A-ii B-iv C-iii D-i
(d) A-ii B-iv C-i D-iii
Answer:
Option (d) is correct.
Explanation:
A. Disputes between State of Bihar and Union of India will be heard by – ii. Supreme Court
Disputes between states and the Central Government often fall under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
B. Appeal from District Court of Haryana will go to – iv. High Court.
Appeals from lower courts, such as district courts, are usually taken to the respective High Courts.
C. Single Integrated Judiciary – i. Single Constitution.
A single integrated judiciary system is governed by a single constitution.
D. Declaring a law unconstitutional – iii. Judicial Review.
The process of declaring a law unconstitutional is a central aspect of judicial review, which involves assessing the legality of laws in relation to the Constitution.
Question 2.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the appropriate option as answer: [1]
Assertion (A): All States now have a uniform three-tier Panchavati Raj structure.
Reason (R): All the three levels of Panchayati Raj institutions are elected directly by the people
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is incorrect, but (R) is correct.
(d) (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect.
Answer:
Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: While both the Assertion (uniform three-tier Panchayati Raj structure) and the Reason (direct election of all three levels of Panchayati Raj institutions by the people) are correct, the Reason does not directly explain why all states have a uniform three-tier structure.
Question 3.
The ……………. is about rural local governments (which are also known as Panchayati Raj Institutions) and the made the provisions relating to urban local government (Nagarpalikas). [1]
(a) 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.
(b) 91st Constitutional Amendment Act and 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.
(c) 55th Constitutional Amendment Act and 56th Constitutional Amendment Act.
(d) 86th Constitutional Amendment Act and 87th Constitutional Amendment Act.
Answer:
Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act and the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act deal with rural local governments (Panchayati Raj Institutions) and urban local governments (Nagarpalikas), respectively. These amendments introduced provisions for decentralised governance at both rural and urban levels in India.
Question 4.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the appropriate option as answer:
Assertion (A): The Indian Constitution can be subjected to many Criticisms, one of which is that it is unwieldy
Reason (B): The criticism that it is unwieldy is based on the assumption that the entire constitution of a country must be found in one compact document. In the case of India, many details, practices, and statements are included in one single document and this has made that document somewhat large in size. [1]
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is incorrect, but (R) is correct.
(d) (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect.
Answer:
Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The Assertion correctly states that the Indian Constitution can be subjected to criticisms, one of which is that it is unwieldy. The Reason explains that this criticism is based on the assumption that a constitution should be found in one compact document, and the inclusion of many details, practices, and statements in the Indian Constitution has made it large in size. The Reason does provide an accurate explanation for the Assertion in this context.
Question 5.
By introducing the article concerning North-East (Art. 371), the Indian Constitution anticipates the very important concept of …………………… . [1]
(a) symmetric federalism
(b) asymmetric federalism.
(c) cooperative federalism
(d) coming together federalism.
Answer:
Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Artide 371 of the Indian Constitution provides special provisions for the northeastern states of India, allowing for variations and exceptions in their governance and development. This concept of providing unique arrangements for specific regions reflects the idea of asymmetric federalism, where different regions within a country have distinct levels of autonomy and special provisions based on their unique circumstances.
Question 6.
What does the term ‘independence of judiciary mean? [1]
(a) The ‘Judiciary should be free from any accountability to the Constitution and the people.
(b) The judiciary should have the power to restrain the functioning of the executive and legislature.
(c) The judiciary should be able to perform its functions without interference or influence from other organs of the government.
(d) The judiciary should be completely separate from the democratic political structure of the country.
Answer:
Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Independence of judiciary means that the judiciary should be free from any external influence or control from the executive or legislature. It should be able to function impartially and without fear or favour.
Question 7.
Who appoints the Chief Justice of India? [1]
(a) President of India
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Chief Justice of India
(d) Vice President of India
Answer:
Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President of India. The President makes this appointment in consultation with the other judges of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice of India.
Question 8.
The concept of ‘Positive Discrimination or Affirmative Action’ is aimed at: [1]
(a) Maintaining the status quo
(b) Ensuring equal opportunities for all
(c) Promoting libertarianism
(d) Eliminating individual freedom.
Answer:
Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: Positive Discrimination or ‘Affirmative Action aims to ensure equal opportunities for all individuals, particularly those from marginalised or disadvantaged groups. It is meant to address historical inequalities and promote inclusivity.
Question 9.
the idea that a nation’s interests and identity should take precedence over those of other nations is known as: [1]
(a) Globalism
(b) Patriotism
(c) Nationalism
(d) Pluralism
Answer:
Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The concept of nationalism refers to the belief that a nations interests and identity should take precedence over those of other nations. It often involves a strong sense of loyalty and pride in one’s own country.
Question 10.
The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with: [1]
(a) The Directive Principles of State Policy
(b) Fundamental Rights
(c) The division of powers between the Union and the States
(d) Panchayati Raj Institutions.
Answer:
Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with the distribution of powers between the Union (central) government and the State Governments. It lists subjects on which each level of government can make laws.
Question 11.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the: [1]
(a) United Nations General Assembly
(b) World Trade Organization (WTO)
(c) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
(d) World Health Organization (WHO)
Answer:
Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It serves as a foundational document outlining fundamental human rights and freedoms.
Question 12.
Natural rights are often associated with the idea that they are:
(a) Granted by governments
(b) Derived from cultural norms
(c) Inalienable and inherent to human beings
(d) Subject to government intervention
Answer:
Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: Natural rights are often associated with the idea that they are inalienable and inherent to human beings, meaning they are not granted by governments but are considered inherent to all individuals by virtue of being human.
Section-B
Question 13.
State some the benefits of the positive freedom? [2]
Answer:
Positive freedom, or positive liberty, enables personal development, empowerment, and human flourishing. It promotes autonomy, access to opportunities, and civic participation. Societies valuing positive freedom invest in education, healthcare, and equal resources, leading to collective welfare and innovation. It fosters resilience and a higher quality of life, contributing to a vibrant and inclusive society.
Question 14.
Mention any two provisions adopted from the Canadian Constitution. [2]
Answer:
Two provisions adopted from the Canadian Constitution into the Indian Constitution are:
- Federal Structure: The concept of federalism, including the division of powers between the central and State Governments, was influenced by the Canadian Constitution. India’s federal structure allows for a distribution of powers outlined in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
- Residuary Powers: Similar to the Canadian Constitution, the Indian Constitution also includes provisions regarding residuary powers. In both cases, any matter not explicitly allocated to either level of government falls within the domain of the central or federal government.
Question 15.
Explain the term democratic. [2]
Answer:
Democratic’ refers to a system of governance or a form of government in which power and decision-making authority are vested in the hands of the people. In a democratic system, individuals have the right to participate in shaping policies, electing representatives, and influencing the direction of their society. Democratic principles emphasise equality, participation, representation, and protection of individual rights.
Question 16.
What is the special privilege available to the Members of the Parliament? [2]
Answer:
Members of Parliament (MPs) often enjoy the special privilege of immunity for their speeches and debates in the legislative body. This protects their freedom of expression and allows them to speak without fear of legal action or consequences outside the parliamentary proceedings. This privilege ensures that MPs can effectively represent their constituents and participate in debates without being hindered by concerns of legal repercussions for their statements made within the Parliament.
Question 17.
Which writs can be issued by the Supreme Court of India for safeguarding Fundamental Rights of the citizens?[2]
Answer:
The Supreme Court of India can issue five types of writs to safeguard citizens Fundamental Rights:
Habeas Corpus ensures liberty; Mandamus compels officials to perform duties; Prohibition restricts excess jurisdiction; Certiorari reviews decisions exceeding authority; Quo Warranto questions valid office holders. These writs empower the Supreme Court to uphold justice, prevent abuse of power, and ensure citizens rights are protected.
Question 18.
What was the main change introduced by the 55th Amendment? [2]
Answer:
The main change introduced by the 55th Amendment Act of 1986 was the establishment of special provisions for the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. This amendment fixed the minimum strength of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly at 30 members. These provisions were made to address the unique circumstances and requirements of Arunachal Pradesh, ensuring effective representation and governance in the state.
Section-C
Question 19.
What is meant by Directive Principles of State Policy? What does it include? [4]
Answer:
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are a set of guidelines and principles outlined in Part IV of the Constitution of India. These principles provide guidance to the government and other state authorities in the governance of the country. Unlike Fundamental Rights, which are justiciable and enforceable through the courts, Directive Principles are not legally enforceable in a court of law, but they serve as a moral and ethical compass for policy-making and governance.
The Directive Principles of State Policy include a wide range of social, economic, and political objectives that the state is expected to work towards in order to create a just and equitable society.
Some of the important areas covered by DPSP are:
Social Justice, Economic Welfare, Gandhian Principles, International Peace and Relations, Environmental Protection, Education and Culture, Uniform Civil Code, Legal and Judicial Reforms, Welfare of Weaker Sections.
Question 20.
What is the difference between single and plural executives? [4]
Answer:
The terms ‘single executive and plural executive’ refer to different structures of executive authority within a government or administrative system:
(i) Single Executive: A single executive refers to a system in which a single individual, typically a president or a prime minister, holds the highest executive authority. This individual is the head of state and government and is responsible for making and implementing policy decisions. The President of the United States is both the head of state and the head of government. The president holds significant executive authority and is responsible for policy-making, diplomacy, and governance.
(ii) Plural Executive: A plural executive involves the distribution of executive authority among multiple individuals or offices. In this system, various executive functions are divided among different officials or bodies. This can include having multiple individuals responsible for different aspects of governance, such as a governor, attorney general, secretary of state, etc. This model is often seen in federal systems or in countries that aim to distribute power more widely and prevent the concentration of authority in a single person. Switzerland follows a federal system with a collective executive known as the Federal Council. It consists of seven members who collectively serve as both the head of state and government. Decision-making requires consensus among council members.
Question 21.
State some of the safeguards that can be put in place to maintain the state of Liberty. [4]
Answer:
Maintaining a state of liberty requires a careful balance between individual freedoms and the collective welfare of society. Several safeguards can be put in place to ensure that individual liberties are protected while also upholding the stability and well-being of the community:
(i) Constitutional Protections: Establish a robust and comprehensive constitution that enshrines Fundamental Rights and liberties, ensuring they are not easily infringed upon by legislative or executive actions.
(ii) Rule of Law: Ensure that all individuals, including government officials, are subject to and accountable under the law This prevents arbitrary use of power and ensures that legal processes are followed in all cases.
(iii) Independent Judiciary: Maintain an independent judiciary that can review laws and government actions for constitutionality safeguarding individual rights from potential overreach by the legislative or executive branches.
(iv) Free Press: Foster a vibrant and independent media that can serve as a watchdog, reporting on government activities, potential abuses of power, and other issues that impact civil liberties.
Question 22.
What does it mean to give each person his/her due? How has the meaning of ‘giving each his duer changed over time? [4]
OR
Vigilant citizens are a must for the successful working of a democracy. [4]
Answer:
‘Giving each person his/her due is about providing justice and ensuring the well-being of all individuals in a society. fri contemporary times, the concept has shifted towards recognising the inherent dignity and rights of every human being, irrespective of external factors. The perspective put forth by Immanuel Kant emphasises the importance of human dignity and the opportunity for individual growth and self-realization.
Kant’s argument aligns with the modern understanding that justice involves ensuring equal access to resources, opportunities, and freedoms for all individuals. This indudes not only addressing basic needs but also creating an environment where people can develop their talents, pursue their aspirations, and lead fulfilling lives.
This shift reflects a broader societal recognition of the need for inclusivity, social equality, and the protection of human rights. It acknowledges that ‘giving each his due’ goes beyond mere material or legal entitlements—it encompasses the holistic well-being and personal fulfillment of every person.
This contemporary interpretation underscores the importance of fostering a just and equitable society that values the potential and aspirations of each individual, regardless of their background or circumstances.
OR
Vigilant citizens are the backbone of a successful democracy, contributing significantly to its vitality, responsiveness, and integrity Their active participation and watchfulness serve as a safeguard against potential abuses of power, corruption, and erosion of democratic values. One of the primary roles of vigilant citizens is to hold government officials and institutions accountable for their actions.
By scrutinizing policies, decisions, and public services, citizens can identify and expose any misconduct or negligence, ensuring that elected representatives and public servants fulfill their responsibilities and work in the best interest of the people.
Vigilant citizens also play a crucial role in protecting civil liberties and human rights. They raise their voices against discriminatory practices, social injustices, and policies that may infringe upon individual freedoms.
Their advocacy helps maintain a balance between majority rule and the protection of minority rights, ensuring that the democratic principles of equality and justice are upheld. Furthermore, vigilant citizens contribute to transparency and openness in governance. Their demand for information, participation in public discussions, and engagement in grassroots movements create an environment where government processes are more accessible and accountable.
This transparency helps build public trust and ensures that decisions are made with public input and for the greater public good. In times of crisis or challenges to democratic norms, vigilant citizens often mobilise to protect the democratic institutions and values they hold dear. They can rally against attempts to undermine the rule of law, restrict freedom of speech, or concentrate power in a way that threatens the democratic fabric.
Question 23.
What do you understand by the right to national self-determination? How has this idea resulted in both formation of and challenges to nation-states? [4]
OR
State the differences between natural rights and constitutional rights. [4]
Answer:
The right to national self-determination is the principle that people have the inherent right to freely choose their political status, determine their form of government, and pursue their economic, social, and cultural development without external interference. It is often associated with the idea that distinct ethnic, cultural, or linguistic groups have the right to establish their own sovereign nation-state if they so desire.
Formation of Nation-States:
Positive Outcomes: The idea of national self-determination has led to the formation of many nation-states based on shared identities and aspirations. It played a pivotal role in the decolonisation process, allowing formerly colonized nations to achieve independence and self-governance.
Challenges to Nation-States: The pursuit of national self-determination can lead to conflicts when multiple groups claim the same territory or when borders are disputed, resulting in tensions and even violence. Granting self-determination to one group can marginalise or threaten the rights of minority groups within the same territory, potentially leading to discrimination and social unrest.
OR
Natural rights and constitutional rights are distinct concepts that shape the framework of individual freedoms and protections in societies.Natural rights are inherent and universal principles believed to be intrinsic to human nature or derived from natural law. These rights, such as the right to life, Liberty, and pursuit of happiness, are often considered self-evident and not contingent on any legal or political structure.
They find their authority in philosophical and moral beliefs, transcending national boundaries and legal systems. However, enforcement and recognition of natural rights can vary depending on cultural and ethical contexts. Constitutional rights, on the other hand, are specific rights that are explicitly recognised and protected within a country’s constitution or legal framework. These rights, such as freedom of speech, religion, and due process, are outlined in a concrete and enforceable manner.
They derive their authority from the Constitution and are subject to legal interpretation and enforcement by the courts.While natural rights provide a foundational understanding of inherent human entitlements, constitutional rights offer a practical framework for safeguarding these entitlements within a particular legal jurisdiction. Constitutional rights can be modified or expanded through formal processes, reflecting evolving societal values.
Section-D
Question 24.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follows:
Equal protection by the State to all religions. This is how Nehru responded when a student asked him to spell out what secularism meant in independent India. He wanted a secular state to be one that ‘protects all religions, but does not favour one at the e>pense of others and does not itself adopt any religion as the state religion’. Nehru was the philosopher of Indian secularism. Nehru did not practise any religion, nor did he believe in God. But for him secularism did not mean hostility to religion. In that sense, Nehru was very different from Ataturk in Turkey. At the same time, Nehru was not in favour of a complete separation between religion and state.
A secular state can interfere in matters of religion to bring about social reform. Nehru himself played a key role in enacting laws abolishing caste discrimination, dowry, and sati, and extending legal rights and social freedom to Indian women. While Nehru was prepared to be flexible on many counts, there was one thing on which he was always firm and uncompromising. Secularism for him meant a complete opposition to communalism of all kinds. Nehru was particularly severe in his criticism of the communalism of the majority community, which posed a threat to national unity. Secularism for him was not only a matter of principles, it was also the only guarantee of the unity and integrity of India.
(i) Who stated that a secular state is one that protects all religions? [1]
(a) Nehru
(b) Ainbedkar
(c) Gandhi
(d) Ataturk
Answer:
(i) Option (a) is correct.
Explanation: In the provided passage, it is explicitly stated that Nehru responded to a student’s inquiry about the meaning of secularism by explaining that a secular state is one that safeguards all religions, ensuring that no particular religion is favoured over others. This response highlights Nehru’s perspective on the principle of secularism, emphasising its role in protecting and respecting the diverse religious beliefs within a nation.
(ii) State the position of Pt. Nehru as a religious man. [1]
(a) Communalist
(b) Secular
(c) Anti-Religion
(d) Philosopher
Answer:
Option (b) is correct.
Explanation: The passage indicates that Nehru did not practice any religion and did not hold a belief in God. Despite his personal lack of religious faith, he did not view secularism as being hostile towards religion. Instead, he understood secularism as a means of ensuring equality and protection for all religions without endorsing any one religion. This aligns with a secular viewpoint, where religious matters are kept separate from political governance.
(iii) As per Nehru ………………………… guarantees of the unity and integrity of India. [1]
(a) Criticism
(b) Communalism
(c) Discrimination
(d) Secularism
Answer:
Option (d) is correct.
Explanation: The passage suggests that Nehru strongly believed that secularism is the key to ensuring the unity and integrity of India. He held that a secular approach, which emphasises equal treatment and respect for all religions while opposing communalism, was essential for maintaining national unity. Nehru’s conviction in secularism’s role in upholding unity reflects his understanding of its significance in a diverse and pluralistic society like India.
(iv) Nehru was not in favour of a complete separation between: [1]
(a) men and women
(b) minority and majority
(c) religion and state
(d) rights and freedom
Answer:
Option (c) is correct.
Explanation: The passage states that Nehru did not advocate for an absolute separation between religion and state. Instead, he believed that a secular state could intervene in religious matters if it contributed to social reform. Nehru’s stance implies that he recognised the potential for the state to play a role in addressing social issues related to religion, rather than completely isolating religious affairs from governance. This viewpoint underscores his pragmatic approach to governance while upholding secular principles.
Question 25.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follows:
The President also lias veto power by which he/she can withhold or refuse to give assent to Bills (other than Money Bills) passed by the Parliament. Every bill passed by the Parliament goes to the President for his/her assent before it becomes a law. The President can send the bill back to the Parliament asking it to reconsider the bill. This ‘veto’ power is limited because, if the Parliament passes the same bill again and sends it back to the President, then, the President has to give assent to that bill. However, there is no mention in the Constitution about the time limit within which the President must send the bill back for reconsideration. This means that the President can just keep the bill pending with him without any time limit. This gives the President an informal power to use the veto in a very effective manner. This is sometimes referred to as ‘pocket veto’.
(i) What do you understand by the ‘Veto’ power of the President? [1]
(ii) State the procedure of passing a bill in the Parliament and becoming a law? [1]
(iii) What is a ‘Pocket Veto’? [1]
(iv) Why is the President’s veto power considered limited in nature? [1]
Answer:
(i) The Veto power of the President refers to the authority vested in the President of a country to withhold or refuse to give assent to Bills (other than Money Bills) passed by the Parliament. The President can send the bill back to the Parliament for reconsideration, which acts as a check on the legislative process. However, if the Parliament passes the same bill again and sends it back to the President, he/she is obliged to give assent to that bill.
(ii) The procedure of passing a bill in the Parliament and becoming a law involves several stages. First, the bill is introduced in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. It goes through three readings in the house where it is introduced, during which members debate and discuss its provisions. After passing in one house, the bill is sent to the other house, where it goes through a similar process. If the bill is passed by both houses, it is sent to the President for assent. If the President gives his/her assent, the bill becomes law.
(iii) A ‘Pocket Veto is when the President keeps a bill pending with him/her without any time limit, neither giving assent nor returning it for reconsideration. As there is no specific time limit mentioned in the Constitution for the President to act, this gives the President the informal power to effectively veto the bill by letting it lapse without any formal rejection. The bill does not become law in the absence of the President’s assent, and the Parliament cannot override the decision in this case.
(iv) The President’s veto power is constrained because if the Parliament re-passes a bill after the President withholds assent, it becomes law. This check ensures democratic balance, preventing prolonged blocking of legislation. The absence of a time limit prevents indefinite delays, upholding the separation of powers and preventing potential executive overreach.
Question 26.
Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow.
Forget that old habit and face the camera! Remember you have been nominated and are standing for the elecon now!
(i) What is the significance of the cartoon? [1]
(ii) Should such candidates be allowed to contest elections? Why or why not? [1]
(iii) How might th behaviour and attitude of candidates during elections impact public perception of their suitability for leadership roles, as portrayed in the cartoon? [2]
Answer:
(i) The cartoon symbolises the transformation and challenges faced by a candidate with controversial past. particularly criminal offenses, as they transit into the role of a political representative. The depiction of the minister’s head covered implies a sense of shame or secrecy associated with their previous actions. The surrounding ministers and media capturing the scene indicate public scrutiny and the spotlight that comes with political candidacy.
The message ‘Forget that old habit and face the camera!’ underscores the notion of shedding past behaviours and confronting public judgment transparently. The cartoon underscores the complexities of reputation, accountability, and public perception in the realm of politics.
(ii) Elected representatives are expected to uphold high ethical standards and serve as role models. Candidates with criminal records might fail to meet these expectations. Allowing candidates with controversial pasts could erode public trust in the political system and its ability to ensure ethical governance. Candidates with criminal inclinations might even misuse power or exploit their position for personal gain.
(iii) The behaviour and attitude of candidates during elections can significantly influence public perception of their suitability for leadership roles, as depicted in the cartoon. If candidates are shown displaying unprofessional behavior, such as ignoring the camera or clinging to outdated habits, it can raise concerns about their ability to adapt, communicate effectively, and lead responsibly.
Voters often seek candidates who exhibit qualities like professionalism, competence, and a genuine commitment to addressing sodetal issues. Such behaviour can erode public trust and confidence in candidates, potentially leading to doubts about their capability to fulfill leadership responsibilities effectively.
Section-E
Question 27.
State the any three kinds of power of the Indian Parliament. [4]
OR
Some people argue that inequality is natural while others maintain that it is equality which is natural and the inequalities which we notice around us are created by society. Which view do you support? [4]
Answer:
(i) Legislative Powers:
- To make laws on the matters covered under the Union List.
- To make laws on the matters covered under the Concurrent List.
- To make laws on the matters covered under the State List provided that the council of states approves it by a special majority or a state of emergency has been declared in the country.
(ii) Judicial Powers:
- To authorise Supreme Court of India to issue writs.
- To establish and define the jurisdiction of a High Court.
- To impeach President of India, Chief Justice of India, Judges of Supreme court, and High Court.
(iii) Financial Powers:
- To approve the government budget.
- To authorise imposition of taxes.
- To authorise incurring of expenditure.
- To keep a check on necessity and adequacy of government expenditure.
OR
The question of whether inequality is natural or made by society has two main sides. Some say that people are naturally different in abilities and circumstances, so inequality is normal. Others argue that everyone should have the same chances and resources, and society creates most of the differences we see.
Supporters of equality believe that treating everyone the same is the right way. They think that when people are given the same chances, its fairer and leads to a better society. On the other hand, those who think inequality is natural say that people have different skills, and that’s okay. They believe that competition and differences can be good for progress and innovation.
In real life, its not black and white. Both ideas have some truth. People are indeed different, but society can also make inequality worse. Finding the right balance between giving everyone a fair shot and recognising that people are different is a big challenge. It’s about making sure that everyone has opportunities while still respecting the unique qualities that each person brings.
Question 28.
List some subjects covered under the Eleventh Schedule listed by the 73th Constitutional Amendment.
OR
It is said that there is too much political interference in the working of the administrative machinery. It is suggested that there should be more and more autonomous agencies which do not have to answer to the ministers.
(i) Do you think this will make administration more people-friendly?
(ii) Do you think this will make administration more efficient?
(iii) Does democracy mean full control of elected representatives over the administration? [6]
Answer:
The Eleventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution, added by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, pertains to the powers and responsibilities of Panchayats (local self-government institutions). It includes subjects that these Panchayats have the authority to handle. Some subjects covered under the Eleventh Schedule are:
- Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
- Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation, and soil conservation.
- Animal husbandry, driving, and poultry.
- Fisheries.
- Social forestry and farm forestry.
- Minor irrigation, water management, and watershed development.
- Rural housing.
- Drinking water.
- Roads, culverts, and bridges.
- Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity.
- Education, including primary and secondary schools.
- Non-conventional energy sources.
- Poverty alleviation programs.
- Public distribution system.
- Maintenance of community assets.
- Health and sanitation, including hospitals, dispensaries, and family welfare.
These subjects empower Panchayats to play a significant role in local governance and development, addressing the needs of rural areas and promoting grassroots-level decision-making.
OR
(i) People-Friendly Administration: While the idea of autonomous agencies seeks to reduce political interference, it’s important to acknowledge that unchecked autonomy could lead to arbitrary decision-making and a lack of accountability. Without proper checks and balances, such agencies might function in a manner that diminishes their people-friendliness and erodes public trust.
(ii) Efficiency Concerns: The potential for non-compliance with government policies by autonomous agencies raises concerns about efficiency. If these agencies deviate from the government’s objectives, it could result in bureaucratic contradictions and compromise the overall efficiency of the administration. Balancing autonomy with adherence to government policies is crucial to ensure that administrative decisions contribute to social welfare.
(iii) Democracy and Administrative Control:
Democracy does not imply full control of elected representatives over administration. Elected representatives are responsible for legislating and maintaining accountability. At the same time, effective administration requires specialized expertise and a certain degree of autonomy to carry out tasks efficiently. While autonomy can enhance decision-making, it must be complemented by mechanisms that ensure transparency, oversight, and alignment with public interest.
Question 29.
Do you agree with the following statements? Give reasons for supporting or opposing any of them.
(i) Secularism does not allow us to have a religious identity.
(ii) Secularism is against inequality within a religious group or between different religious groups.
(iii) Secularism has a Western-Christian origin. It is not suitable for India. [6]
OR
Think which of the following statements would be correct. State why.
(i) Federalism enhances the possibility of people from different regions to interact without the fear of ones culture being imposed upon them by others.
(ii) Federal system will hinder easier economic transactions between two different regions that have distinct types of resources.
(iii) A federal system will ensure that the powers of those at the center will remain limited. [6]
Answer:
(i) Secularism does not allow us to have a religious identity. Disagree. Secularism promotes the separation of religion and government, but it does not inherently discourage individuals from having a religious identity. In fact, secularism respects diverse beliefs and allows individuals to freely practice their faith. It seeks to prevent state favoritism towards any specific religion, ensuring religious freedom while maintaining a neutral stance.
(ii) Secularism is against inequality within a religious group or between different religious groups. Agree. Secularism aims to ensure equal treatment for all individuals regardless of their religious affiliations. It opposes discrimination will’in and between religious groups, emphasising equal rights and opportunities for everyone. By preventing religious biases from influencing governance, secularism contributes to a more just and inclusive society.
(iii) Secularism has a Western-Christian origin. It is not suitable for India. Partly Disagree. While secularism may have historical roots in Western thought, it is adaptable and can be relevant to diverse societies, including India. Indian secularism takes into account the country’s pluralistic culture and respects all religions.
It provides a framework to manage religious diversity and ensures the state remains neutral. Therefore, secularism, when applied contextually, can be suitable for India without compromising its unique cultural and religious fabric.
OR
(i) Correct: Federalism indeed enhances the possibility of people from different regions to interact without the fear of one’s culture being imposed upon them by others. In a federal system, regions have a degree of autonomy to manage their own cultural affairs, ensuring diversity is preserved and respecting the unique identities of each region.
(ii) Incorrect: A federal system is designed to facilitate cooperation and coordination among regions, which can actually encourage economic transactions by allowing different regions to specialise in their resources and engage in trade. It enables a more balanced and efficient economic relationship between regions.
(iii) Correct: A federal system typically involves a division of powers between the Central Government and regional entities, ensuring that the powers of those at the center remain limited to the areas designated by the constitution. This separation of powers is a fundamental principle of federalism.
Question 30.
Briefly discuss the three principles of justice outlined in the chapter. Explain each with examples. [6]
OR
What is meant by freedom? Is there a relationship between freedom for the individual and freedom for the nation? [6]
Answer:
(i) Equal Treatment of Equals:
- This principle signifies treating all individuals impartially.
- Individuals share common human characteristics, warranting equal rights and treatment.
- It encompasses civil, political, and social rights, prohibiting discrimination based on caste, dass, gender, or race.
- Example: Ensuring equal pay for two individuals with different backgrounds performing the same job.
(ii) Proportionate Justice:
- This principle entails rewarding individuals in proportion to their effort and job demands.
- Different jobs are justifiably rewarded differently based on skill, effort, and risk involved.
- Proportionality complements equal treatment by recognising variations in responsibilities.
- Example: Recognising varying compensation for a surgeon and an architect considering the complexity and expertise required.
(iii) Recognition of Special Needs:
- This principle allocates rewards and duties based on individuals’ unique needs.
- Special treatment is granted based on factors like age, disabilities, or limited access to education or healthcare.
- It addresses inequalities arising from specific circumstances.
- Example: Providing reserved seats in public transport for physically challenged individuals acknowledges their special needs.
These principles collectively contribute to a comprehensive framework of justice, addressing the nuances of equality, effort, and special circumstances to ensure a fair and balanced distribution of rights and rewards in society.
OR
Freedom refers to the state of being able to act, think, and make choices independently, without undue restraint or coercion. It encompasses personal autonomy, expression, and the absence of undue limitations on one’s actions or beliefs. There is indeed a relationship between freedom for the individual and freedom for the nation. The freedom of individuals within a nation collectively contributes to the freedom of the nation itself.
When individuals enjoy personal freedoms, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, it fosters a society that values diversity, innovation, and open discourse. Conversely, a nation that upholds collective freedom, such as political sovereignty and self-determination, provides a foundation for individuals to exercise their rights and pursue their aspirations without external interference. The two forms of freedom are intertwined, as a nation’s commitment to safeguarding individual rights strengthens its democratic institutions, social cohesion, and overall well-being.