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NCERT SOLUTIONS for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 5 Working of Institutions

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 5 Working of Institutions.

Exercises

Question 1.
If you are elected as the President of India which of the following decision can you take on your own?
(a) Select the person you like as Prime Minister.
(b) Dismiss a Prime Minister who has a majority in the Lok Sabha.
(c) Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the Houses.
(d) Nominate the leaders of your choice to the Council of Ministers.
Answer:
(c) Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the Houses.

Question 2.
Who among the following is a part of the political executive?
(a) District Collector
(b) Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
(c) Home Minister
(d) Director General of Police
Answer:
(c) Home Minister

Question 3.
Which of the following statements about the judiciary is false?
(a) Every law passed by the Parliament needs approval of the Supreme Court
(b) Judiciary can strike down a law if it goes against the spirit of the Constitution
(c) Judiciary is independent of the Executive
(d) Any citizen can approach the courts if her rights are violated
Answer:
(a) Every law passed by the Parliament needs approval of the Supreme Court

Question 4.
Which of the following institutions can make changes to an existing law of the country?
(a) The Supreme Court
(b) The President
(c) The Prime Minister
(d) The Parliament
Answer:
(d) The Parliament

Question 5.
Match the ministry with the news that the ministry may have released:

(a) A new policy is being made to increase the jute exports from the country.	(i) Ministry of Defence
(b) Telephone services will be made more accessible to rural areas.	(ii) Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Public Distribution
(c) The price of rice and wheat sold under the Public Distribution System will go down.	(iii) Ministry of Health
(d) A pulse polio campaign will be launched.	(iv) Ministry of Commerce and Industry
(e) The allowances of the soldiers posted on high altitudes will be increased.	(v) Ministry of Communications and Information Technology

Answer:
(a)—(iv), (b)—(v), (c)—(ii), (d)—(iii), (e)—(i)

Question 6.
Of all the institutions we have studied in this chapter, name the one that exercises the powers on each of the following matters.
(a) Decision on allocation of money for developing infrastructure like roads, irrigation etc. and different welfare activities for the citizens
(b) Considers the recommendation of a Committee on a law to regulate the stock exchange
(c) Decides on a legal dispute between two state governments
(d) Implements the decision to provide relief for the victims of an earthquake
Answer:
(a) The executive (political), the government
(b) The Parliament (Lok Sabha)
(c) The Supreme Court (Judiciary)
(d) The Executive (Permanent) civil servants

Question 7.
Why is the Prime Minister in India not directly elected by the people? Choose the most appropriate answer and give reasons for your choice.
(a) In a Parliamentary democracy only the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha can become the Prime Minister.
(b) Lok Sabha can remove the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers even before the expiry of their term.
(c) Since the Prime Minister is appointed by the President there is no need for it.
(d) Direct election of the Prime Minister will involve lot of expenditure on elections.
Answer:
(a) Elections are not fought for the post of the Prime Minister. Only parties fight elections and the majority party’s leader become the Prime Minister. In a Parliamentary democracy only the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha can become the Prime Minister.

Question 8.
A teacher was making preparations for a mock Parliament. She called two students to act as leaders of two political parties. She gave them an option: Each one could choose to have a majority either in the mock Lok Sabha or in the mock Rajya Sabha. If this choice was given to you, which one would you choose and why?
Answer:
I would choose to have majority in the Lok Sabha, as the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha because:

1. If any law is not passed by both the houses, the final decision is taken in the joint session in which members of both the houses sit together but because of the larger number of members, the view of the Lok Sabha is likely to prevail.
2. The Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters too. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money-related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it.
3. Most importantly, the Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. If the majority of the Lok Sabha members say they have no confidence in the Council of Ministers, it has to quit, whereas the Rajya Sabha does not have this power.

Question 9.
After reading the example of the reservation order, three students had different reactions about the role of judiciary, which view, according to you, is a correct reading of the role of judiciary?
(a) Srinivas argues that since the Supreme Court agreed with the government, it is not independent.
(b) Anjaiah says that judiciary is independent because it could have given a verdict against the government order. The Supreme Court did direct the government to modify it.
(c) Vijaya thinks that the judiciary is neither independent nor conformist, but acts as a mediator between opposing parties. The court struck a good balance between those who supported and those who opposed the order.
Answer:
Anjaiah’s view on the role of judiciary is correct because judiciary is independent and impartial. It is not under the control of legislature or the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power.

Hope given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 5 are helpful to complete your homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online tutoring for you.

Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 The Story of Village Palampur

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 The Story of Village Palampur.

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
What is the main economic activity in Palampur? [CBSE 2012]
Answer:
The main economic activity in Palampur is farming.

Question 2.
What was the status of upper caste families in Palampur?
Answer:
The 80 upper caste families owned majority of the land in Palampur. Some of their houses were quite large and made up of brick with cement plastering.

Question 3.
What was the benefit of electricity in Palampur?
Answer:
Most of the houses have electricity connections. Electricity is used to power the tubewells in the fields and also for many small businesses.

Question 4.
What facilities are available for education and health in Palampur?
Answer:
Palampur has two primary schools and one high school. There is a primary health centre run by the government and one private dispensary where the sick are treated.

Question 5.
Define Production.
Answer:
Production is an activity that involves making of goods or services that a person needs.

Question 6.
Farmer’s plough is an example of which factor of production? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Farmer’s plough is an example of fixed capital.

Question 7.
What do you mean by physical capital?
Answer:
At every stage of production, we need a variety of inputs such as machines, raw materials and money. Together, these are called physical capital.

Question 8.
What is the first and foremost requirement for the production of goods and services?
Answer:
The first and foremost requirement for the production of goods and services is the land and other factors of production like labour and capital.

Question 9.
What do you mean by working capital?
                                  Or
Which capital is known as working capital? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Working capital refers to the variety of raw material and money in hand during the production, in order to make payments and buy other necessary items.

Question 10.
What is human capital?
Answer:
Human capital refers to knowledge and enterprise required to put tpgether land, labour and physical capital and produce an output for self-consumption or to sell in the market.

Question 11.
Name the kharif and rabi crops grown in Palampur.
Answer:
The kharif crops are jowar and bajra and rabi crops are wheat and sugarcane which are grown in Palampur. Potatoes are also grown in between these two seasons.

Question 12.
What was the main reason for the growth of three different crops in a year?
Answer:
The main reason for the growth of three different crops in a year was well-developed system of irrigation.

Question 13.
What is the impact of electricity on irrigation?
Answer:
Earlier, with the use of persian wheel, people used to irrigate small areas by using water from wells. But, now, with the use of electricity and tubewells, they can irrigate larger areas in lesser time.

Question 14.
What is multiple cropping? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Multiple cropping means to grow more than one crop on a same piece of land.

Question 15.
Define yield. [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
Yield means crop produced on a given piece of land during a single season.

Question 16.
How did the Indian farmers benefit from Green Revolution?
Answer:
The Green Revolution enabled the Indian farmers to cultivate wheat and rice using high yielding varieties of seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides etc.

Question 17.
Which modern implements were used by the Indian farmers?
Answer:
The modern implements used by the Indian farmers were tubewells, tractors, threshers and harvesters.

Question 18.
What is the impact of Green Revolution on soil and ground water table?
Answer:
Green Revolution is associated with the increased use of chemical fertilisers. The minerals of chemical fertilisers dissolve in water and contaminate it, thereby polluting both water and soil, thus, the continuous use of fertilisers makes the soil less fertile,

Question 19.
Who provides labour for medium and large farmers?
Answer:
Labour for medium and large farmers is provided by landless labourers or those who are cultivating small plots of land.

Question 20.
Which is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy? [CBSE 2012,11]
Answer:
Agriculture

Question 21.
How do farm labourers get wages in Palampur?
Answer:
In Palampur, the farm labourers get wages in the form of cash or kind, i.e., in terms of food grains.

Question 22.
What is the minimum wage per day for a farm labourer set by the government?
Answer:
? 300 per day.

Question 23.
How much Dala gets as a minimum wage?
Answer:
? 160.

Question 24.
What do the medium and large farmers do with the surplus from farm production?
Answer:
Medium and large farmers sell the surplus from farm production and a part of the earnings is saved and the other part of it, is used to buy cattle, trucks etc. for the next season.

Question 25.
Name any two non-farm activities in Palampur. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The non-farm activities in Palampur are:

1. Dairy farming
2. Small-scale manufacturing
3. Transport
4. Shopkeeping (any two)

Question 26.
In which type of activity is dairy farming included? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Dairy farming is included in non-farm activity.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 27.
Highlight the basic constraints in raising production from a farm. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The basic constraints in raising production from a farm are:

1. The land area under cultivation is practically fixed.
2. There has been no expansion in land area under cultivation after 1960s. By then, some wastelands in the villages had been converted to cultivable land. .
3. There is no further scope to increase the farm production by bringing new land area under cultivation as no new land is available.

Question 28.
Explain the term physical capital. Mention its different types with examples. [CBSE 2012,11,10]
Answer:
Physical capital is the capital that is further used in the production of more goods such as tools,
equipments, machines and raw materials.
The two types physical capital are:

1. Fixed Capital. It is that capital which can be used over and over again. This capital lasts for a longer time such as machines and tools.
2. Working Capital. It consists of those goods that are used up in the process of production such as raw materials and money.

Question 29.
Give three reasons why small farmers have to arrange capital by borrowing. [CBSE 2013]
Answer:
The three reasons why small farmers have to arrange capital by borrowing are:

1. To buy seeds and water for irrigation.
2. To pay back the loan with high rate of interest.
3. To use the money for marriage or festivals.

Question 30.
Distinguish between Kharif and Rabi seasons.
Answer:

Kharif Season	Rabi Season
(a) It is identified with rainy or wet season. (b) Crops are sown in June-July and harvested in November-January. (c) Kharif crops are jowar and bajra.	(a) It is identified with winter or dry season. (b) Crops are sown in October-November and harvested in April-May. (c) Wheat is an important rabi crop.

Question 31.
State the importance of growing more than one crop on a piece of land. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The importance of growing more than one crop on a piece of land is:

1. It retains the fertility of the soil.
2. It generates employment for many people throughout the year.
3. It benefits the farmers economically.

Question 32.
What is Multiple cropping? How does it help in farmer’s prosperity?
Answer:
When two or more crops are grown on a given piece of land during a year, it is known as multiple cropping. This is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. Raising two or more crops from a given piece of land in a year translates into a corresponding increase in a farmer’s income and helps in the farmer’s prosperity.

Question 33.
‘Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry.’ Do you agree? [HOTS]
Answer:
Modern farming methods are the result of decades of scientific research. This research was in the form of high yielding varieties of seeds, irrigation equipments, tractors and other forms of machinery, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides, which are all produced in the industries. The result is that with greater adoption of modern farming methods inter-dependence of agriculture and industry has increased manifold.

Question 34.
What do you mean by Green Revolution? Why was it caused?
Answer:
Green Revolution means a rapid and sustained increase in the output of agriculture over a long period of time. This revolution took place in India in the late 1960s. The output of foodgrains increased manifold. Initially, the Green Revolution was limited only to wheat crop,, but lately, it spread to other crops like rice and oilseeds. It was caused by the use of modern methods like high yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilisers and insecticides.

Question 35.
Land being a natural resource, is necessary to be carefully used. Why?
Answer:
Land, a natural resource, is subject to degradation. Due to negligence and over-exploitation, highly fertile pieces of land are being degraded, i.e., they have become barren and uncultivable. This is due to over utilisation of fertilisers in order to increase the yield with higher cost of production. Ground water resources are also depleting faster. The farmers need to dig deeper in order to get water. Chemical fertilisers kill bacteria and other micro-organisms in the soil and make it unfit for cultivation.

All this indicates that land, a fixed asset, is under deep stress.

Question 36.
What can be done to increase the non-farm activities in the Indian Villages? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The things which can be done to increase the non-farm activities in the Indian villages are:

1. Banks should provide loans at low interest rates so that the poor villagers can start some small-scale businesses and can earn their livelihood.
2. Government should initiate effective employment generating schemes like small-scale industries, computer training centres, vocational courses etc.
3. Government should provide training to the villagers in different skills.
4. Government should provide facilities for transportation and selling of locally manufactured goods
   of the villagers in the cities. (any three)

Question 37.
Describe three features of small-scale manufacturing as non-farming activity in Palampur. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Small-scale manufacturing in Palampur is carried out to supplement the earnings of the people.
The features of small-scale manufacturing in Palampur are:

1. They are organised on very small scale and employ simple methods of production like simple machines, equipment and tools.
2. Raw materials used by small-scale manufacturing are generally locally available.
3. They are generally organised at home with family labour.
4. These industries sell their products locally or in nearby villages. (any three)

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 38.
What is the aim of production? State any four requirements for production. [CBSE 2016,15]
Answer:
The aim of production is to generate income for those people who are involved in the production of goods and services.
The four requirements for production are:

1. Land. It is a passive factor of production. It requires human effort to make it a productive resource. No activity can take place in the absence of land and it is the basis of all human activities.
2. Labour. The second requirement is labour, i.e., people who do the work. Some activities require educated and skilled labour to perform the necessary tasks and others require workers who can do the manual work.
3. Physical capital. The third requirement is physical capital. There are variety of inputs like machines,
   tools, raw materials and money required at every stage of production. It includes fixed capital and working capital. .
4. Human capital. It is the knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land, labour and physical capital to produce an output either to use for themselves or to sell in the market.

Question 39.
What is land? Suggest any three ways to sustain land. [CBSE 2011,10]
Answer:
Land is the basic natural resource required as an input in any production activity. It is fixed in nature.
The three ways to sustain land are: 

1. To use fertilizers in a judicious manner so as to maintain the soil fertility.
2. Not to overuse ground water, i.e., to maintain the ground water table.
3. To carry out crop rotation/multiple cropping to increase the production and maintain soil fertility.

Question 40.
How can you say that the distribution of land is unequal in Palampur? [HOTS]
                                                           Or
How is land distributed amongst the farmers of Palampur? Explain. [CBSE 2011]
                                                           Or
Describe the distribution of land among farmers in Palampur. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Land is very important for farming. Unfortunately, not all the people in Palampur have sufficient land for cultivation. Out of 450 families in Palampur, only 240 families cultivate plots less than 2 hectares in size and 150 dalit families are landless. The remaining 60 families of medium and large farmers cultivate more than 2 hectares of land. A few large farmers have land extending over 10 hectares or even more.

Cultivation from plots of land less than 2 hectares in size does not bring adequate income to the farmers family. On the other hand, half of the areas of the village is covered with plots quite large in size. Thus, land in Palampur is unevenly distributed.

Question 41.
Is it true that foodgrains output in India has increased significantly because of larger area under cultivation? Explain. [HOTS]
Answer:
It is not true that foodgrains output is India has increased because of larger area under cultivation. Foodgrain output in India has increased significantly because of Green Revolution in the late 1960s. At this time, farmers in Punjab, Haryana and later in Western Uttar Pradesh started using modern methods of farming like high yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilisers, modern implements, irrigation facilities, insecticides and pesticides. These methods enabled the farmers to increase the yield per hectare and their earnings from farming. They, after meeting their needs of foodgrains, had enough surplus to sell in the market. But as mentioned above, this was limited to mainly Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh initially. Although, later it was also copied in the case of rice cultivation in the delta regions of Tamil Nadu an$ some parts of Andhra Pradesh.

Question 42.
Distinguish between traditional farming methods and modern farming methods. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:

Traditional Farming Methods	Modern Farming Method
(a) In these methods, simple and traditional seeds are used. (b) Wells and tanks are used for irrigation. (c) In these methods, fertiliser used is manure from cow dung. (d) Farmers use bullocks for ploughing the fields. (e) In these methods, manual labour and traditional old machines are used for all activities.	(a) In these methods, high yielding varieties of seeds are used. (b) Dams, tubewells and canals are used for irrigation. (c)  In these methods, chemical fertilisers are used. (d) Farmers use tractors and threshers for ploughing the fields. (e)  In these methods, modern machinery is used for all activities.

 

Question 43.
What is meant by Green Revolution? Mention some of its features.
Answer:
The introduction of high yielding varieties of seeds and the increased use of chemical fertilisers and irrigation are collectively known as Green Revolution.
The major features of Green Revolution are:

1. It was started in the late 1960s in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh.
2. Use of high yielding varieties of seeds which promised to produce more of crops on a single piece of land.
3. Use of advanced technology, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides and a well-developed system of irrigation.
4. It solved the food crisis in India and made India self-sufficient in foodgrains.
5. It led to higher income growth and reduced poverty. (any four)

Question 44.
Explain two merits and three demerits of Green Revolution. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The two merits of Green Revolution are:

1. Higher yield per hectare, increased up to three times by the use of higher yielding varieties of seeds.
2. Greater use of machines like harvesters, tractors and threshers has made ploughing and harvesting much faster and easier.

The three demerits of Green Revolution are:

1. Loss of soil fertility due to excessive use of chemical fertilisers.
2. Continuous use of groundwater by means of tubewells in irrigation, the level of groundwater has declined.
3. The chemical fertilisers easily soluble in water can dissolve in the groundwater and pollute it.

Question 45.
Green Revolution is associated with loss of soil fertility. In the light of the statement, mention five problems caused by modern farming. [CBSE 2014; HOTS]
Answer:
The problems caused by modern farming are:

1. In many areas, it is associated with loss of soil fertility due to excessive use of chemical fertilisers.
2. Continuous use of groundwater for tubewell irrigation has reduced the water table below the ground level.
3. Pesticides and insecticides pollute surface water as well as air.
4. Chemical fertilisers kill some necessary bacteria as well such as nitrogen fixing bacteria that add up to soil fertility. Thus, the cost of farming has gone up.
5. It has adverse effect on environment as well as natural resources. Thus, creating pollution of
   soil and water due to excessive use of fertilisers.

Question 46.
Name any four non-farm production activities practised in Palampur. Give brief descriptions of any three. [CBSE 2015]
                                                                                     Or
Mention any four non-farm production activities of village Palampur. Which activity do you feel most useful for the villagers? Give any two reasons. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The non-farm activities practised in Palampur are:

1. Dairy farming. People in Palampur rear buffaloes. They feed them on different types of grass, jowar and bajra. Milk is sold in nearby villages. Some people also set up collection and chilling centres from where milk is transported to the nearby cities and towns.
2. Small-scale manufacturing. This involves simple production methods and are done on small scale. These are carried out at home with family members as labourers. The labourers are rarely hired for these activities.
3. Shopkeeping. Shopkeepers in Palampur buy goods from wholesale markets in the cities and sell them in the village. Small stores sell a wide range of products like rice, wheat, sugar, oil and some clothes. Some people who have shops near the bus stop use them to sell eatables.
4. Transport. There are different means of transport in Palampur like rickshaws, tongas, trucks, jeeps and tractors. These means of transport are used to transport goods and people from village to cities and the people get paid for this.
5. Self-employed. Some people have opened computer training centres, stitching centres etc. to obtain more profits and to train more people for better opportunities in life. (any four)

I think computer education is most useful for the villagers because:

1. It generates employment for the people being educated.
2. It employs skilled persons in the village to teach so that they would not go to other cities and towns in search of employment opportunities.

Hope given Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 are helpful to complete your homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online tutoring for you.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 The Story of Village Palampur

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 The Story of Village Palampur.

NCERT QUESTIONS

Exercises

Question 1.
Every village in India is surveyed once in ten years during the Census and some of details are presented in the following format. Fill up the following based on information on Palampur.
(a) Location:
(b) Total area of the village:
(c) Land use (in hectares):

Cultivated Land		Land not available for cultivation (Area covering dwellings, roads, ponds, grazing ground)
Irrigated	Unirrigated
		26 hectares

(d) Facilities:

Education
Medical
Market
Electricity Supply
Communication
Nearest Town

Answer:
(a) Location: 3 kms away from Raiganj (a big village) and further on to the nearest small town of Shahpur.
(b) Total area of the village: 226 hectares
(c)

Cultivated Land		Land not available for cultivation (Area covering dwellings, roads, ponds, grazing ground)
Irrigated	Unirrigated
200 hectares	NIL	26 hectares

(d) Facilities:

Education	Two primary schools and one high school
Medical	One government primary health centre and one private dispensary
Market	Some general stores and shops selling eatables
Electricity Supply	Most of the houses have electricity
Communication	Posts, telephone and television
Nearest Town	Shahpur

 

Question 2.
Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. Do you agree?
Answer:
Yes, I agree that modern farming methods require more inputs than traditional farming. It requires inputs like chemical fertilisers, pesticides, pump sets, farm machinery, electricity, high yielding varieties of seeds and water supply. Most of these outputs are manufactured in industries. Similarly, water supply is provided by canals and tanks.

Question 3.
How did the spread of electricity help farmers of Palampur?
Answer:
The spread of electricity helped the farmers in Palampur in the following ways:

1. Most of the houses have electricity connections.
2. It is used to run tubewells in the fields.
3. It is used in various types of small businesses.

Question 4.
Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?
Answer:
Irrigation facilities are available only to about 40% of the cultivated land area in the country. Rest of the land, i.e., 60% of the cultivated area, is still dependent on rainfall for irrigation. It means that the benefit of multiple cropping cannot be achieved by 60% of the farmers in the country. They produce less and so their income is also low. Thus, they live in poverty.

Therefore, if these farmers are to be brought out of poverty, the farm productivity has to increase. This is only possible when they use modern farming methods and dependable irrigation facilities. Hence, it is important to increase the area under irrigation.

Question 5.
Construct a table on the distribution of land among the 450 families of Palampur.
Answer:
Distribution of land among 450 families of Palampur is as follows:

Land (in hectares)	No. of families
0	150
Less than 2	240
More than 2	60
Total	450

Question 6.
Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum wages?
Answer:
The wages for farm labourers in Palampur are less than the minimum wages because:

1. There is heavy competition for work among the farmers.
2. Employment is less and farmers are more and, therefore, farmers have to be content with what they are earning.
3. Land is owned by landlords who desire to earn more and more profit by giving minimum wages.
4. The farmers are illiterate and unaware of the amount of minimum wages set by the government.

Question 7.
In your region, talk to two labourers. Choose either farm labourers or labourers working at construction sites. What wages do they get? Are they paid in cash or kind? Do they get work regularly? Are they in debt?
Answer:
To be attempted by the students themselves.

Question 8.
What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain.
Answer:
The land area under cultivation is practically fixed so in order to increase the production from a same piece of land, we can use the following methods:

1. Multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. It means when two or more crops are grown on the same piece of land during a year, i.e., Indian farmers should grow at least two main crops in a year. In India, some farmers are growing third crop also over the past 20 years such as in Palampur jowar and bajra are grown and potato is the third crop.
2. Modern farming methods. Production on the same piece of land can also be increased by adopting modern farming methods. The Green Revolution in India is a remarkable example of it. Under modern farming, more cultivable area should be brought under high yielding varieties of seeds and irrigation. The use of simple wooden plough must be replaced by tractors and with increased use of farm machinery such as tractors, threshers and harvesters, make cultivation faster and also help in increasing yield per hectare.

Question 9.
Describe the work of a farmer with 1 hectare of land.
Answer:
A farmer who works on 1 hectare of land is called a small farmer. He carries out the following activities:

1. Ploughs the field by bullocks or tractors
2. Sows the seeds by simply sprinkling by hands
3. Waters the field with the help of Persian wheel
4. Sprays the insecticides by manual pumps
5. Cuts the crops by hand-operated tools

Question 10.
How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers?
Answer:
All farmers require capital during production. They require fixed as well as working capital. The medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are able to arrange for their own capital. They sell their surplus in the market. A part of this is saved and the rest is used to buy machinery and other raw materials or lend it to the small farmers to make more profit.

Whereas small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for capital. They borrow from large farmers, moneylenders and traders who supply them various inputs for cultivation. They are charged very high rate of interest by these moneylenders and traders or even the large farmers.

Question 11.
On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tejpal Singh? Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?
Answer:
The terms of loan of Savita taken from Tejpal Singh are:

1.  She took loan of ₹ 3.000 at an interest rate of 24 per cent.
2. She would have to repay the loan in four months.
3. She also has to work on Tejpal’s field as a farm labourer during the harvesting season at ₹ 35 per day.

The bank could have provided her loan at a low rate of interest. In addition, she would have devoted more time to her own field of 1 hectare, instead of working as a farm labourer for Tejpal Singh.

Question 12.
Talk to some old residents of your region and write a short report on the changes in irrigation and changes in production methods during the last 30 years.
Answer:
To be attempted by the students themselves.

Question 13.
What are the non-farm production activities taking place in your region? Make a short list.
Answer:
To be attempted by the students themselves.

Question 14.
What can be done so that more non-farm activities can be started in villages?
Answer:
At present, there are not so many farm activities in the villages. Out of every 100 workers in rural areas of India, only 24 workers are engaged in non-farm activities.
The steps that can be taken are:

1. Supply of electricity in villages needs to be improved. This will encourage the establishment of small-scale industries.
2. More villages should be connected to the towns and cities, through all weather road transport
   and telephonic system.
3. The villages should have markets where goods and services produced can be sold such as in Palampur, neighbouring towns and cities provide markets for milk, jaggery and wheat.

Hope given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 are helpful to complete your homework.

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