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These Sample papers are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 2.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 2

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 2 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Political Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Questions nos. 1 to 5 are of 1 mark each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 20 words
3. Questions nos. 6 to 10 are of 2 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 40 words
4. Questions nos. 11 to 16 are of 4 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 100 words
5. Questions nos. 17 to 21 are of 5 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 150 words
6. Questions no. 21 is map based question
7. Questions nos. 22 to 27 are of 6 marks each. The answer to these questions should not i exceed 150 words

Question 1.
What is meant by seven sisters?

Question 2.
When was Soviet System introduced?

Question 3.
Define globalisation.

Question 4.
What is foreign policy?

Question 5.
Mention the historic decision given by the court in famous Kesavananda Bharati Case.

Question 6.
Mention the major challenges faced in Europe after the Second World War.

Question 7.
Mention the features of SAFTA.

Question 8.
How many member countries have got veto power in the UN Security Council and why?

Question 9.
What do you mean by Grand Alliance?

Question 10.
Who wrote the poem on Dalit? What does the poem signify?

Question 11.
What are the various positions on the issue of regional autonomy for Kashmir? Which of these do you think are justifiable? Give reasons for your answer.

Question 12.
Trace the emergence of BJP as a significant force in post-Emergency politics.

Question 13.
How did Europe become main arena of conflict between the superpowers?

Question 14.
Describe any four consequences of the disintegration of Soviet Union.

Question 15.
Describe the hegemony of the United States of America as a structural power.

Question 16.
The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.

Question 17.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions:
During the Cold War years, India found itself on the opposite side of the divide from the US. India’s closest friendship during those years was with the Soviet Union. After the collapse of Soviet Union, India suddenly found itself friendless in an increasingly hostile international environment. However, these were also the years when India decided to liberalise its economy and integrate it with the global economy. This policy and India’s impressive economic growth rate made the country an attractive economic partner for a number of countries including the US.
(i) Name the country which was India’s closest friend during Cold War years.
(ii) What was India’s policy during post Cold War years?
(iii) What made India an attractive economic partner for the countries like the US?

Question 18.
Why is the EU considered a highly influential regional organisation in the economic, political and military fields?

Question 19.
Study the picture and answer the following questions.
(i) What is being shown by these cartoons?
(ii) What is being depicted in the first cartoon?
(iii) What is the subject matter of the second cartoon?

Question 20.
Read the passage and answer the following questions:
“Broadly, non-alignment means not tying yourself off with military blocs… It means trying to view things, as far as possible, not from the military point of view, though that has to come in sometimes, but independently, and trying to maintain friendly relations with all countries”. —Jawaharlal Nehru
(a) Why does Nehru want to keep off military blocs?
(b) Do you think that the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty violated the principle of non-alignment? Give reasons for your answer,
(c) If there were no military blocs, do you think non-alignment would have been unnecessary?

Question 21.
On a political outline-map of India, locate and label the following and symbolise them as indicated:
(i) Name and mark any two of the Princely States.
(ii) Name and mark the original state from which the Gujarat was carved out.
(iii) Name and mark thexountry reorganised on religious grounds.
(iv) Demarcated boundary of this countries by country zones.

Question 22.
How far is it correct to say the international alliances during the Cold War Era were determined by the requirements of the superpowers and the calculations of the smaller states? Explain. (Delhi 2016)
OR
Analyse the three different views within India about the type of relationship India should have with the United States of America. (Delhi 2016)

Question 23.
How did the European countries resolve their post-Second World War problem? Briefly outline the attempts that led to the formation of the European Union. 6
OR
What are some of the commonalities and differences between Bangladesh and Pakistan in their democratic experiences?

Question 24.
Like India why could democracy not take roots in Pakistan despite the fact that both the countries share a common part?
OR
Describe briefly any four problems faced in the process of partition of India.

Question 25.
Did the prevalence of a ‘one-party dominant system’ affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics?
OR
What were the major differences in the approach towards development at the time of Independence? Has the debate been resolved?

Question 26.
“The conduct of foreign affairs is an outcome of a two-way interaction between domestic compulsions and prevailing international climate. Take one example from India’s external relations in the 1960s to substantiate your answer.

Question 27.
Analyse the circumstances that favoured Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri. Mention any four achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a Prime Minister. (Delhi 2016) 6
OR
What was Mandal Commission? Did it try to solve the problems of other Backward classes? State any two arguments in support of your answer?

Answers

Answer 1.
The north-east region which consists of seven states is known as seven sisters. This has approx 4 percent of country’s population.

Answer 2.
It was introduced after Russian Revolution in 1917 based on the principles of egalitarian society and planned economy controlled by the state.

Answer 3.
Globalisation refers to integration of an economy with the other country based on interdependence.

Answer 4.
Foreign policy of a nation reflects systematic statements of national interests along with the interplay of domestic and external factors.

Answer 5.
There are some basic features of Constitution not to be amended by the Parliament at all. It led to a crisis between the government and judiciary.

Answer 6.

• Shattered many assumptions and structures on which European states maintained their relations.
• The European states confronted the ruin of economies and the destruction on which Europe had been founded.

Answer 7.
South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was signed by SAARC members in 2004 with the following features:

• Formation of Free Trade Zone for whole South Asia.
• To sustain mutual trade and cooperation among SAARC members.

Answer 8.
Five Permanent Member countries i.e. France, Russia, UK, the US and China got veto power because they have been emerged as industrialised developed countries to stall any decision.

Answer 9.
Grand Alliance was an electoral alliance of all the major non-communist, non-Congress and opposition parties. The SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal came together under this umbrella.

Answer 10.
The Marathi poet Namdeo Dhasal wrote poem on Dalit during the decade of seventies which expresses the anguish that the Dalit masses continued to face even after twenty years of Independence.

Answer 11.
On the issue of regional autonomy for Kashmir, the following positions are states as:

1. Kashmiris were promised to make accession on reference of people after situation created by tribal invasion, becomes normal. But it has not been fulfilled, hence, it generated the demand for “Plebiscite”.
2. Sometimes, it was felt that special federal status guaranteed by Article 370 has been eroded practically which led the demand for restoration of autonomy or “Greater State Autonomy”.
3. It is felt that democracy, which is practised in rest of India has not been similarly institutionalised in Jammu and Kashmir.

We prefer the first position because ‘Plebiscite’ provides better opportunity to people of J & K to protect and sustain their regional autonomy in a very democratic manner.

Answer 12.
The major trends in the electoral performance of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) since 1989 can be traced as follows:

1. In the elections of 1989, the National front under V.P. Singh came to power supported by left front and BJP from outside because they wanted to keep the Congress out of power. Due to Mandal Commission Report and implementation of its recommendations forced BJP to reconsider its support and finally withdrew it. Thus, in November 1990, the rule of National Front came to an end.
2. In 1996, BJP minority government was formed for a short period. In June 1996 BJP failed to get majority support in the vote of confidence and thus collapsed.
3. From March 1998 to October 1999, BJP and others formed alliances NDA (National Democratic Alliance) under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The regional parties demanded more share in the government to extend their support. dv) The political competition during nineties and divided between the coalition led by BJP and coalition led by Congress.

Answer 13.

• Superpowers used their military power to bring countries into their respective alliances.
• Soviet Union used its influence in Eastern Europe so that the eastern half of Europe remained within its sphere of influence.
• In East and Southeast Asia and in West Asia, the US built an alliance called South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO).
• The Soviet Union responded by having close relations with regional countries such as North Vietnam, North Korea and Iraq.

Answer 14.

1. The disintegration of Soviet Union meant the end of Cold War confrontations which demanded the end of armed race and restoration of possible peace.
2. This disintegration created the possibility to bring in a ‘multipolar system’ where no power could dominate.
3. The US became the sole superpower and the ‘capitalist economy’ was now dominant economic system at international level.
4. This disintegration emerged in many new countries dividing Soviet Union into 15 independent countries alongwith their own aspirations and choices.

Answer 15.
Hegemony as a structural power implies economic perspective of world economy. It can be summed up in the following ways :

1. An open world economy requires a dominant power to support its creation and existence.
2. The hegemon must possess both the ability and the desire to establish certain norms for order and must sustain global structure i.e. Bretton Woods system set up by the US after Second World War.
3. The US reflects this hegemony by providing the global public goods, those can be consumed by one person without reducing the amount of goods available for someone else.
4. A classical example of structural power of the US is the academic degree Master’s in Business Administration (MBA) to sharpen business skills in a University.

Answer 16.
The Indo-China relations experience strategically organised as rising economic powers in global politics and to play a major role in Asian economy after the end of the Cold War. It can be proved on the following grounds:

• The new economic policies of India and China have broken their economy from stagnancy.
• The creation of special economic zones led to a phenomenal rise in foreign trade.
• China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment anywhere in the world. Hence, it has large reserves for foreign exchange to allow it to make big investment in other countries.
• At the global level also, India and China have adopted similar policies in World Trade Organisation to deepen integration with the world economy to challenge unipolar world.

Answer 17.

• Soviet Union
• India decided to liberalise its economy and integrate it with global economy.
• India’s policy of liberalisation and its impressive economic growth rate.

Answer 18.
Because :
1. Economic Influence:
(a) Three times larger share in World trade than the US.
(b) Its currency Euro can pose a threat to the dominance of US Dollar.
(c) The EU functions as an important bloc in World Trade Organisation (WTO).

2. Political Influence:
(a) Two members of the EU, Britain and France hold permanent seats in Security Council to influence UN policies.
(b) The EU also includes various non-permanent members of UNSC.
(c) The European Union plays an influential role in diplomacy and negotiations except military force i.e.
EU’s dialogue with China on Human Rights and environmental degradation is remarkable.

3. Military Influence:
(a) The EU’s combined armed forces are second largest in world.
(b) Its total military expenditure is second to the US.
(c) Its two important members—Britain and France also experience nuclear arsenals of 550 nuclear warheads.
(d) The EU is world’s second most important source of space and communication technology.

Answer 19.

1. These cartoons show Indian view on Cold War.
2. The first cartoon was drawn when the US came to a secret understanding with China keeping the USSR in dark. The cartoon also expresses changing the international political scenario as after a long time. China made overtures to the USA.
3. The second cartoon shows the American midadventure in Vietnam. It also depicts that the US President Johnson was in more trouble over Vietnam.

Answer 20.
(a) Nehru wanted to keep off military blocs to maintain friendly and peaceful relation with all nations of world as well as to maintain India’s uniqueness at international stage.
(b) No, the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty did not violate non-alignment because it was not to maintain military relations but to maintain diplomatic friendly relations.
(c) NAM emphasises on disarmament, decolonisation and terrorism except staying away from military blocs.

Answer 21.

1. • Junagarh
   • Manipur
2. Gujarat (from Bombay)
3. Pakistan
4. Bangladesh

Answer 22.
The superpowers used their military power to bring countries into their fold :
(a) Soviet Union used its influence in Eastern Europe backed by the large armies of countries of its alliance.
(b) The statement is utmost correct about the superpower as well as their alliances.
(c) On the other hand, the United States built alliance called SEATO and CENTO on the question of North Vietnam, North Korea and Iraq, Russia and China came closer.
(cl) Alliances were made for the requirement of vital national resources.
(e) Superpowers needed territories to launch their weapons and troops. In return, they helped them in many ways.
(f) Economic support was another factor.

OR

During the Cold War phase, India was on the opposite side of the divide from the US as it had close relationship with Soviet. India’s decision to pursue a policy of NAM in 1945 was not liked by the US as it sided with Pakistan.
After the collapse of Soviet Union, India decided to liberalise its economy and integrate it with global economy. Hence, the US also found India an attractive economic partner due to technological dimension, and the role of Indian-American diaspora.
India-US relationship have never looked so brighter as it today. Both the countries are coming close to each other and both began to gain by coming closer.
Within India, the debate seems to be around three possible views. .

1. India should maintain its aloofness from the USA and forms upon increasing its other comprehensive national power.
2. India should take advantage of US hegemony and national understandings to establish best possible options for itself. Opposing the US would be a futile exercise and will only hurt India in long run.
3. India should take the lead in establishing a coalition of countries from the developing world.

Answer 23.
After the end of Second World War in 1945, the European States confronted the ruin of their economies and the destruction of assumptions and structures on which Europe had been founded. European countries resolved their post-second
World War problems in the following manner :

1. Under the ‘Marshall Plan’ the USA provided financial help to revive European economy.
2. The US also created a new collective security structure under NATO.
3. Under the ‘Marshall Plan’ the organisation for European Economic Cooperation was established in 1948 to extend cooperation on trade and economic issues among the Western European States.
4. European Union was founded in 1992 for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs and creation of a single currency. It evolved from an economic union to political one over time.

The following attempts led to the formation of European Union:

• The Council of Europe was established in 1949 for political cooperation.
• The process of economic integration of European Capitalist countries led to the formation of European Economic Community in 1957.
• The above mentioned processes acquired a political dimension with the creation of European Parliament.
• The collapse of Soviet bloc put Europe on a fast track and resulted in the establishment of European Union in 1992.

OR

Bangladesh has been the part of Pakistan itself. Both of these countries bear some similarities and differences as follows:
Commonalities :

1. Both Bangladesh and Pakistan were under a military rule.
2. At both the places, the struggle for democracy took place in their own way.
3. Pakistan’s administration began under the command of General Ayub Khan and gave up due to dissatisfaction among people giving way to Yahya’s military rule and continued with the army rule though elections were held by military rulers to give a democratic shape to their own rule.
4. In the same way, Bangladesh drafted its own constitution to begin with democracy. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman formed Presidential setup by abolishing all the parties except Awami Legue. But after his assassination the new military ruler Zia-ur-Rahman formed his own party and won elections in 1979. Later on he was also assassinated and another military leader Lt. Gen. H.M. Ershad took over.

Differences :

1. In Pakistan, military, clergy and land-owning aristocrats dominated socially to overthrow elected government whereas in Bangladesh the leaders and their party members dominated for the same.
2. Pro-military groups have become more powerful due to conflict with India in Pakistan whereas in Bangladesh, pro-military groups are powerful due to friendship and encouragement of India.

Answer 24.
The following factors are responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy :

1. The lack of genuine international support for a democratic rule in Pakistan has encouraged to military to continue its dominance. The US and other countries have also supported military rule due to fulfilling their own interests.
2. Pakistan’s conflict with India has made paramilitary groups more powerful which have often said that political parties and democracy in Pakistan are flawed, that Pakistan’s security would be harmed by selfish minded parties and chaotic democracy, hence army stay in power is justified.
3. The social dominance of military, clergy, and owning aristocracy has led to frequent overthrow of elected governments and the establishing of military governments.
4. Global Islamic terrorism and their apprehension that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal might
   fall into hands of these terrorist groups, the military regime in Pakistan was seen as the protector of western interests in West Asia and South Asia.

The two pro-democracy factors present in Pakistan that can pave the way for establishing a lasting democratic set up over there are:

• Pakistan bears a courageous and entirely free press.
• Pakistan enjoys strong human rights movement.

OR

The process of partition had been started in 1940 when Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah propounded Two-Nation Theory. This process involved various problems:

1. Areas were supposed to be distributed on the basis of religions majority i.e. Muslim majority areas built Pakistani territory and rest stayed with India. It created communal riots in country.
2. No single belt of Muslim majority was the part of British India. They were concentrated in East and West. Hence, it was decided that Pakistan will comprise two territories namely East and West Pakistan separated by long expansion of India territory,
3. All Muslim majority areas did not want to be merged with Pakistan i.e. it was opposed in NWFP. But ultimately NWFP was made to merge with Pakistan.
4. Another problem belonged to minorities on both sides of border i.e. lakhs of Hindus and Muslims and Sikhs from both the sides were left with no option except to leave f their homes.

Answer 25.
No, the prevalence of one party dominance system did not affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics because:

1. The key role of the Congress in the freedom struggle gave it a head start over others.
2. The Congress accommodated diversified interests, religion, beliefs and aspirations to strengthen democracy.
3. Despite being taken place of free and fair elections, Congress won elections in the
   same manner again and again.
4. The Congress Party consisted of various factions inside itself, based on ideological considerations who never taught together or went out of Congress.
5. Hence, on the basis of above mentioned criterion, it can be concluded that Congress strengthened ideals of democracy and held unity and integrity of the country.

OR

At the time of Independence, development was about becoming more like the industrialised countries of the West, to be involved with the break down of traditional social structure as well as rise of capitalism and liberalism.

1. Modernisation referred to growth, material progress and scientific rationality.
2. India had two models of modern development at the time of independence into considerations to be adopted i.e. the liberal capitalist model like Europe and the US and the socialist model like the USSR.
3. A debate had been occurred regarding adoption of model of development as communists, socialists and Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru supported the socialist model to reflect a broad consensus to be developed during national movement.
4. Above mentioned intentions cleared that the government made the priority to poverty alleviation alongwith social and economic redistribution.
5. At the same time, these leaders differed and debated:
   • Industrialisation should be the preferred path or
   • Agricultural development should take place, or
   • Rural poverty should be alleviated.

Answer 26.
The statement is justified to maximum extent to be proved during ‘Sino-Indian Conflict of 1962’ to dent India’s image at home and international level. India had to approach the Americans and the British for military assistance to tide over the issues.
The Soviet Union remained neutral during the conflict:

1. All the occurrings, created a sense of national humiliation but strengthened a spirit of nationalism also on the other hand.
2. Pt. Nehru was also criticised for his naive assessment of Chinese intentions and lack of military preparedness.
3. Political mood of country began to change, when no-confidence motion against Nehru moved in and debated in the Lok Sabha.
4. ‘Sino-Indian Conflict’ splitted the Communist Party of India in 1960s split fraction formed communist party of India (CPI-M).
5. Besides, the war with China alerted Indian leadership to volatile situation in the North east region.
6. Apart from being isolated and extremely underdeveloped, this region posed the challenge of national integration in front of India.

Answer 27.
Circumstances that favoured Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri are as follows:

1. On 10 January 1966, Shastri’s Prime Ministership came to an abrupt end when he died suddenly in Taskhent. Now, the Congress had to face the challenge of political succession.
2. The senior party leaders decided to support Indira Gandhi, but the decision was not unanimous. There was intense contest between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi. The contest jvas resolved through a secret ballot among the MPs of the Congress. Indira Gandhi got the support of more than two-thirds of the Congress party’s MPs.

Achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a Prime Minister are:

1. Indira Gandhi adopted her strategy boldly and diplomatically. When the Congress had lost in 1967 elections, she converted a simple power struggle into an ideological struggle.
2. Indira Gandhi did not revive old Congress Party but she re-invented the party by forming an entirely different popular party to accommodate some social groups, the poor, the women, the dalits, adivasis and the minorities. Thus, she restored the Congress system by changing the nat are of Congress system itself.
3. Indira Gandhi focussed on the growth of the public sector, imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban poverty, removal of disparities in income and opportunity, and abolition of princely privileges. Her slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’ and the programmes that followed it were part of her political strategy of building an Independent nationwide political support base. As a result, she won 352 seats with about 44 per cent of the popular votes on its own in the Lok Sabha elections of 1971.
4. After the 1971 Lok Sabha election, a major political and military crises broke out in East Pakistan (present Bangladesh). The 1971 elections were followed by the crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pak war leading to the formation of Bangladesh.

All these events added to the popularity of Indira Gandhi. Even the opposition party leaders admired her statesmanship.

OR

The Mandal Commission under the chairmanship of Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal set up in 1978 to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of society and recommended way to identify these classes.
The Mandal Commission gave its recommendations in 1980:

1. The Commission advised that backward classes should be understood to mean backward castes since many castes other than the SCs were also treated as low in caste hierarchy.
2. Reservation 27% seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these groups.
3. It recommended land reforms to improve the condition of OBCs.
4. Hence, Mandal Commission made recommendations in economic and occupational structures.

The Government of India accepted recommendations in 1990:

1. 27% jobs reservation has been made in central and state government.
2. Many welfare schemes have also been launched as Swarnima National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation.

We hope the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 2 help you. If you have any query regarding CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 2, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

These Sample papers are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physics. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physics Paper 7.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physics Paper 7

These Sample papers are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 2. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 2.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 2

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 2 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Physical Education is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

• All questions are compulsory.
• Answers to questions carrying 1 mark should approximately 10-20 words.
• Answers to questions carrying 3 marks should approximately 30-50 words.
• Answers to questions carrying 5 marks should approximately 75-100 words.

Questions.

Question 1.
Define Strength? 1

Question 2.
Define personality? 1

Question 3.
What do you understand by Friction in Sports? 1

Question 4.
Define Fracture? 1

Question 5.
Define Cardiac Output? 1

Question 6.
Define Yoga? 1

Question 7.
Define Good Posture? 1

Question 8.
Enlist types of disorders and disabilities among children? 1

Question 9.
Define Axis and Plain? 1

Question 10.
Indicate the formula used for ‘BYE’ in knock-out tournament? 1

Question 11.
Define Aggression? 3

Question 12.
Describe the objectives of Intramural Competition in institutions? 1

Question 13.
Describe Newton’s law of motion used in sports? 3

Question 14.
Explain micro and macro nutrients? 3

Question 15.
Elaborate reasons for mal posture? 3

Question 16.
Explain factors effecting motor development? 3

Question 17.
The school has proposed to organize sports activities for its school children. The sports committee was formed and it proposed for an inter house sports competitions. All the children of the school have been divided into various houses and designated with different colours to differentiate. 3
(i) Which type of competition is being discussed for school children?
(ii) What are the various committees required for organization of the competitions?
(iii) What are the benefits of organizing such sports competition?

Question 18.
List Different types of fractures? 3

Question 19.
Draw a fixture of 9 Football teams participating in a Tournament on the basis of knock? 3

Question 20.
Explain the role of sports in development of personality? 5

Question 21.
Explain the role of nutrition on sports performance? Describe the essential nutrients influencing sports performance? 5

Question 22.
Describe the concept of PRICE used for injury management? 5

Question 23.
Explain the effect of exercise on Cardiovascular system? 5

Question 24.
Describe Trajectory? Explain the factors affecting projectile trajectory? 5

Question 25.
Illustrate AAPHER motor fitness test? 5

Question 26.
Appraise the role of physical activity for maintaining functional fitness among elderly people? 5

Answers.

Answer 1.
Strength is the ability of the muscle to overcome resistance. It is the amount of force a muscle or muscle groups can exert. It is achieved by voluntary muscle contraction. Specified types of strength is required for different types of activity, exercise and sports.

Answer 2.
Personality is the unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts and feelings of an individual. It is derived from the latin word ‘persona’ meaning ‘mask’. Personality is described as sum total of all traits and distinguishing qualities of an individual.

Answer 3.
The action of one surface or object rubbing against another. It is the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.

Answer 4.
Fracture is any discontinuation in bone due to any trauma. It can be a complete or incomplete break in a bone resulting from the application of excessive force. A fracture usually results from traumatic injury to bones causing the continuity of bone tissues or bony cartilage to bedisrupted or broken.

Answer 5.
Cardiac output is the effective volume of blood expelled by either ventricle of the heart per unit of time (generally per minute); it usually refers to left ventricle output. It is equal to the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate. Normal values are 4 to 8 liters per minute.

Answer 6.
Yoga is a science of balancing between mind, body and spirit. It is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Yuj’in spiritual terms mean the union of the individual consciousness with the universal consciousness.

Answer 7.
“Good posture is applied to right position of the body assumed while doing any action so that minimum energy is consumed in order to get maximum efficiency.

Answer 8.
Disorders:  ADHD, SPD, ODD, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, learning disorder.
Disability:  Physical, Cognitive, Intellectual, Adaptive.

Answer 9.
An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates.
Plane is the surface on which movement takes place.

Answer 10.
Formula for giving Bye = Next power of 2 – No. of Teams

Answer 11.
Aggression is defined as any form of behaviors directed towards the goal of or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.

Answer 12.
Objective of Intramurals:

• Promote physical, mental, social and emotional development of students.
• Create health awareness and promote well being.
• Inculcate Values and Ethics among students.
• Provide opportunity to every student to participate in sports.
• Develop leadership qualities.
• Develop group cohesion
• Provide recreation
• Facilitate talent identification and development
• Provide opportunity to experience sports environment

Answer 13.

The Law of Inertia: A body at rest tends to remain at rest. A body in motion tends to continue in motion with consistent speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an outside force. Example is the most anything in the real world—gravity, the surface of the playing field, a defensive player, or the braking action of an athlete’s body to stop.

The Law of Acceleration: The velocity of a body is changed only when acted upon by an additional force. The produced acceleration or deceleration is proportional to and in the same direction of the force. If a baseball player hits a ball with double the force, the rate at which the ball will accelerate (speed up) will be doubled. Football players can slow down, stop, or reverse the direction of other players depending upon how much force they can generate and in which direction.

The Law of Counterforce: The production of any force will create another force opposite and equal to the first force. A swimmer propels herself through the water because the water offers enough counterforce to oppose the action of her hands pushing, allowing her to move. An athlete can jump higher off a solid surface because it opposes his body with as much force as he is able to generate, in contrast to sand or other unstable surface.

Answer 14.
Nutrients are environmental substances used for energy, growth and bodily functions by organisms. Depending as the nutrient, these substances are needed is small amounts or larges amounts. Those that are needed in large amounts are called Macronutrients.

Micronutrients: as opposed to Macronutients. (protein, carbohydrates and fat), are comprised of vitamins and minerals which are required in small quantities to ensure normal metabolism, growth and physical well-being.
Minerals can be classified as macro minerals like calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorous and micro mineral (like iodine, iron, chromium, etc.)
Vitamins can be soluble like Vitamin A, D, E, etc.) or water soluble (like Vitamin B complex, B2, B3 etc.)

Answer 15.
Mal-posture means faulty carriage or incorrect alignment of different parts of body in respect to each other. It occurs due to the following reasons.

• Muscular weakness
• Malnourishment
• Faulty desks and seats
• Defective eye-sight or hearing
• Improper exercises
• Typical occupations
• Too rapid growth during adolescence
• Carrying weights
• Use of improper belonging
• Poor posture of teachers
• Heredity and environments

Answer 16.
Growth of the child: As children grow and learn, their ability to perform more activities with their body and understand actions improves. This can be affected by age and size. While most motor development skills have age-specific target ranges, the skills are also influenced by children being small or tall for their age, their weight, and their mental development.

Environment: The child’s environment has a large effect on their motor skill development. The more opportunities they have to develop both gross and fine motor skills, the faster their capacity increases. For instance, if a child is encouraged to play outside on park equipment or other areas where they can climb, run, and play, their gross motor skills will develop quickly. Additionally, fine motor skills increase when children are encouraged to play with their hands, hold and touch smaller items, feed themselves, and draw or color.

Genetics: Children are affected both by the genetics of their parents and their own genetics. If there are genetic weaknesses, they may have slower motor skill development than general guidelines suggest for their age range. For instance, if a child has weak muscle tone or health issues, they will likely develop at a slower pace than other healthy children of their age.

Muscle Tone: As mentioned previously, muscle tone can affect motor skills. The stronger a child is, the more ability they may have to move and control their body. Muscles are a fundamental factor in a child having the strength to move their body and control their actions. If muscle development is weak, their motor skill development will be slower.

Gender: Gender plays an important role in how children develop. Boys often have more advanced motor skills than girls because they are typically stronger and more aggressive physically. At the same time, girls often have more advanced eye and hand coordination. They may be more able to balance fine motor skills and gross motor skills, using both large movements and more detailed actions interchangeably.

Answer 17.
(i) Intramural Competition
(ii) Committee:

• Technical Committee
• Financial Committee
• Refreshment committee
• Ceremonial Committee
• Logistics Committee
• Record and Certificate Committee
• Jury of Appeal Committee

(iii) Importance:

• Motto is towards maximum participation
• Develop Group Cohesion
• Physical, Mental, Emotional, Social Development
• Recreation
• Psychomotor development

Answer 18.
Types of Fracture:
(i) Close Fracture:

• Transverse Fracture: Broken at right angle to long axis of bone
• Oblique: Oblique direction to long axis, confined to one plane .A fracture in which the line of break runs obliquely to the axis of the bone.
• Spiral Fracture: Occur when one end of an extremity is fixed (e.g., a foot is planted on the floor) but the rest of the extremity remains in motion.
• Comminute Fracture: A fracture in which the bone has broken or fragmented into several pieces. It happens mostly due to crush.
• Impact Fracture: An impacted fracture is one whose ends are driven into each other.
• Green Sticks: fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and partially breaks

(ii) Open Fracture:

• Compound Fracture: An open fracture, also called a compound fracture, is an injury that occurs when there is a break in the skin around a broken bone. In order for an injury to be classified as a compound fracture, the outside air (and dirt and bacteria must be able to get to the fracture site without a barrier of skin or soft-tissue.

Answer 19.
Total number of teams =09
Upper half = n + 1/2 = 09+1/2 = 5
Lower half = n — 1/2 = 09-1/2 = 4
Power of two’s = 24 n. of teams
= 16-09 = 7
No.of Byes = 7
No.of Byes in Lower Half = nb+1/2 = 7+1=4
No. of Byes in Upper Half =  nb-1/2 = 7-1=3

Answer 20.
Role of sports in personality development are as following:
(i) Development of cognitive abilities: through sports participation cognitive process of athletes to perceive, evaluate and regulate their behaviour, which is appropriate in given situation improves. It benefits the following cognitive functions of processing information from received stimulus:

• Influence Intelligence
• Develops attention span
• Improves concentration

(ii) Control on arousal and emotion: sports participation helps in psycho-physiological activation helps in avoidance of negative emotions state of feeling of nervousness, apprehension associated with arousal of the body.

• Reduce anxiety
• Regulate aggression

(iii) Promote Social Cohesion: Sports participation

• Team association increases
• Task association increases

(iv) Create Leadership abilities: Sports participation helps in development of behaviour process of influencing individuals and groups towards set objectives. Athletes are able to take initiative and guide others in performing some required task in an organized form to task attainment. It help in the following:

• Develop ownership
• Creates responsibility

(v) Self-Efficacy: Sports participation develops belief in athletes to perform task successfully. Sports participation supports individual belief in his or her competencies and abilities to succeed in particular task.

Answer 21.
Role of nutrition in sports performance can be divided in three phases, Pre-competition, During Competition, Post Competition.
(i) Pre-Competition:

• Carbohydrate loading before competition helps in storing of glycogen which helps in extra energy during competitions.
• Sufficient intake of fluid before competitions help in prevention of dehydration.

(ii) During Competition:

• Small amount of carbohydrates at regular interval helps in maintain blood sugar level and reduces fatique.
• Frequent intake of fluids are beneficial to stay hydrated during high intensity level activities.

(iii) Post Competition:

• Initial intake of carbohydrate after competitions help in restoring glycogen.
• To enhance muscle recovery, protein diet after few hours of competition is helpful.
• A balanced diet containing of macro and micro nutrients post competitions helps in faster recovery and reduced chances of injury.

Essential nutrients required for performance:
Fat: it is major source of fuel, various sports require different proportion of fat to muscles, although extra fat influences performance.

Carbohydrates: it is a major fuel for muscular contraction. It helps in decrease of fatigue. Low level of carbohydrates results in formation of lactic acid leading to early fatigue. Protein: It is required for growth of tissues. Protein is used as for repair of cells and tissues leading to faster growth and development of muscles. It does have significant effect on performance.

Minerals: are essential for energy balance, deficiency decreases performance and increases chances of injury.

Vitamins: Essential for balance growth by avoiding deficiency. Vitamins protect the body from preventing external bodies to create damage and produce disease in the body.

Answer 22.
Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation, or P.R.I.C.E., adds the concept of “protection” to the traditional R.I.C.E. protocol formula. Protecting the injured area from further damage is crucial to the healing process.
P: Protection is meant to prevent further injury. For example, an injured leg or foot may be protected by limiting or avoiding weight-bearing through the use of crutches, a cane, or hiking poles. Partially immobilizing the injured area by using a sling, splint, or brace may also be a means of protection.

R: Rest is important to allow for healing. However, many sports medicine specialists use the term “relative rest” meaning rest that allows for healing, but is not so restrictive that recovery is compromised or slowed. A person should avoid activities that stress the injured area to the point of pain or that may slow or prevent healing.

I: Ice refers to the use of cold treatments, also known as cryotherapy, to treat acute injuries.Ice is recommended with the intent to minimize and reduce swelling as well as to decrease pain. The most common and most convenient is a simple plastic bag of crushed ice placed over a paper towel on the affected area. It is important to protect the skin and limit the cold exposure to 10 to 15 minutes.
Skin sensitivity or allergy to cold exposure can occur. Skin may become mottled, red and raised where the ice contacted the skin. If this is experienced, the ice treatments should be discontinued.

C: Compression is the use of a compression wrap, such as an elastic bandage, to apply an external force to the injured tissue. This compression minimizes swelling and provides mild support.
Elastic bandage should be applied directly to the skin by starting a few inches below the injury and wrapping in a figure eight or spiraling manner to a few inches above the injured area.
A medium amount of tension should be applied to provide ample, but not too constrictive
compression. The bandage should not cause numbness, tingling, or color change of the soft ‘ tissue.
E: Elevation is recommended to help reduce the pooling of fluid in the injured extremity or joint. Controlling swelling can help decrease pain and may limit the loss of range of motion, possibly speeding up recovery time.

Answer 23.
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system:
(i) Exercise Effect:

• Increase in stroke volume: it is the amount of blood ejected per beat from the left r ventricle. During activity SV increases 2-3 times from the resting SV.
• Increase in Heart Rate: Heart Rate is the amount of contraction of left ventricles per minute. During exercise HR increases.
• Cardiac Output: Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped from the heart per minute. Cardiac Output is the product of HR and S V. A resting Cardiac Output is 5L/ Min which can increase to 20 – 40 L/min after an intense exercise.
• Increase in Blood Flow: More amount of blood is required by the tissue for immediate demand. At rest, 15-20% of blood is released to skeletal muscles, whereas during intense exercise 80-85% of blood is transported to skeletal muscles.
• Increase in Blood Pressure: During exercise the systolic blood pressure increases 50¬70 mm/hg. Diastolic blood pressure remains unchanged.

(ii) Long Tem Effects:

• Increase in size of heart: Muscles of the heart increase in size. The left ventricle adapts
  to the greatest extent. This phenomenon is also called as ‘Cardiac Hypertrophy’ which is not a disease. –
• Decrease Resting Heart Rate: Regular exercise decreases the resting heart rate. Resting Heart Rate of 72beat/min can reduce to 30-40 beat/min in highly conditioned athletes.
• Increase in Resting Stroke Volume: After continuous training of several years, resting stroke volume increases to 70-0 ml/beat from 50-70 ml/beat.

Answer 24.
The parabolic path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory.
Factors:

1. Initial velocity: Initial velocity is directly related to the distance covered in flight. The speed of release depends on initial vertical velocity and initial horizontal velocity. Having higher horizontal velocity will increase the distance covered.
2. Angle of projection: An object which is projectedat different angles but the same initial velocity covers different distances. When it is released at an angle of 45o, covers maximum distance.
3. Projection height: The higher the level of release, the longer distance covered in the flight. The horizontal component will be acting on the projectile for longer duration; hence projectile will be covering a longer distance.
4. Gravity: Gravitational force is exerted by earth on all the objects. It is constant for all the objects. It decreases at the places of high altitude.
5. Spin: it is amount and direction of spin directly affects the distance covered. The spin covered low pressure on the top, the object remains in air for longer period covering longer distance. If the spin creates high pressure on the top, the object remains in air for shorter period and covers shorter distance.
6. Air Resistance: When a projectile moves through the air, it is slowed down by air resistance. It decreases the horizontal velocity of the projectile

Answer 25.
AAPHER motor fitness test was formed in 1965 in United States. It included these items:

• Pull ups (boys)
• Flexed arm stand (girls)
• sit ups 600 yard run walk
• shuttle run
• 50 yard dash etc.

1. Pull ups – to measure arm and shoulder strength
   Procedure – the bar was adjusted according to the height of the subject. The student is advised to raise his body so that the chin reaches the level of the bar. One score is awarded for each pull up. One trial is given.
2. Flexed arm stand – to measure arm and shoulder strength
   Procedure – the adjusted bar is held with hand grasp. The student lifts her body with the help of assistance of testing personnel so that has chin reaches the bar level. The clasped time is taken as score. The score is nearest second.
3. Sit ups – to measure abdominal strength and endurance
   Procedure – Student is advised to lie on floor on his/her back keeping knees bent. The angle of knees should be around 90°. Further the student is advised to put fingers interlockedand put behind the head. The student curls up and touches the elbows to knees. The score is counted as maximum number of sit ups in 60 seconds.
4. 50 yards Dash – to measure speed
   Procedure – the student is advised to run 50 yards and time is recorded nearest to 10th of a second.
5. 600 yard run walk – to measure endurance.
   Procedure – the student is advised to run or walk 600 yards and time is recorded in minutes and seconds.

Answer 26.
Regular physical activity helps elderly people to enjoy life and increases longevity along through wellbeing.

1. Immune Function: A healthy, strong body fights off infection and sickness more easily and more quickly. Rather than sapping energy reserves entirely, recovery from an illness will take less of a toll on the body if the person exercises regularly.
2. Cardio-Respiratory and Cardiovascular Function: Frequent physical activity lowers the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure. If the elderly person has hypertension, exercise will help lower their blood pressure.
3. Bone Density and Risk of Osteoporosis: Exercise protects against loss in bone mass. Better bone density will reduce the risk of osteoporosis, lower the risk of falling and prevent broken bones. Post-menopausal women can lose as much as 2 percent bone mass each year, and men also lose bone mass as they age. Research done at Tufts University shows that strength training can dramatically reduce this loss, help restore bones, and contribute to better balance and less fractures.
4. Gastrointestinal Function: Regular exercise helps boost your metabolism and promotes the efficient elimination of waste and encourages digestive health.
5. Chronic Conditions and Cancer: Physical activity lowers risk of serious conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, osteoporosis and colon cancer, to name a few. It also helps in the management of high cholesterol and arthritis pain.
6. Manage Stress, Improve Mood: Regular, moderate physical activity can help manage stress and improve your mood. And, being active on a regular basis may help reduce feelings of depression. Studies also suggest that exercise can improve or maintain some aspects of cognitive function, such as your ability to shift quickly between tasks, plan an activity, and ignore irrelevant information.
7. Prevent or Delay Disease: Scientists have found that staying physically active and exercising regularly can help prevent or delay many diseases and disabilities. In some cases, exercise is an effective treatment for many chronic conditions. For example, studies show that people with arthritis, heart disease, or diabetes benefit from regular exercise. Exercise also helps people with high blood pressure, balance problems, or difficulty walking.

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