Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Set 1 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Political Science Set 1 with Solutions
Time : 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions:
- The question paper consists of five sections (A, B, C, D, and E) with 30 questions in total.
- All questions are compulsory.
- Question numbers 1-12 are multiple choice questions of one mark each.
- Question numbers 13-18 are of 2 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 50-60 words each.
- Question numbers 19-23 are of 4 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 1 00-120 words each. There is an internal choice in two of the 4 marks questions.
- Question numbers 24-26 are passage, cartoon, and map-based questions. Answer accordingly.
- Question numbers 27-30 are of 6 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 170-1 80 words.
- There is an internal choice in 6 marks questions.
Section-A
Question 1.
Match the following: [1]
List I | List II |
A. Nelson Mandela | (i) Said that by freedom I mean all-around freedom, i.e., freedom for the individual as well as for society. |
B. Mahatma Gandhi | (ii) Thought to remove the obstacles to the freedom of all the people of South Africa |
C. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose | (iii) Highlighted the understanding of Swaraj as Rule over the Self. |
D. J.S. Mill | (iv) said that there should be freedom of expression even for those who espouse ideas that appear ‘false’ or misleading today. |
(a) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
(b) A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-iv
(c) A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv
(d) A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i
Answer:
Option (b) is correct
Explanation:
A. Nelson Mandela (ii) fought to remove the obstacles to the freedom of all the people of South Africa – This is accurate as Nelson Mandela was a key figure in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa and worked to achieve freedom for all.
B. Mahatma Gandhi (iii) highlighted the understanding of Swaraj as Rule over the Self. Mahatma Gandhi emphasised the concept of Swaraj, which meant self-rule or self-governance and believed in the idea of individual and collective self-control.
C. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose (i) Said that By freedom I mean all round freedom, i.e., freedom for the individual as well as for society – Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose emphasised the idea of comprehensive freedom for both individuals and society.
D. J.S. Mill (iv) said that there should be freedom of expression even for those who espouse ideas that appear ‘false’ or misleading today – John Stuart Mill was a strong advocate for freedom of expression and believed that even unpopular or false ideas should be allowed to be expressed.
Question 2.
………………… seeks to define and defend an area in which the individual would be inviolable, in which he or she could ‘do, be or become’ whatever he or she wished to ‘do, be or become’. [1]
(a) Negative Liberty
(b) Positive Liberty
(c) Freedom of Expression
(d) Harm Principle
Answer:
Option (a) is correct
Explanation: Negative liberty refers to the absence of external constraints or interference, allowing individuals to act according to their own will without external restrictions.
Question 3.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the appropriate option as answer:
Assertion (A): Formal equality or equality before law is necessary but not sufficient to realise the principle of equality.
Reason(R): Formal equality ensures equal treatment under the law, but it may not address historical disadvantages, systemic discrimination, or socio-economic disparities that can hinder individuals from achieving true equality in opportunities and outcomes.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of(A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is incorrect, but (R) is correct.
(d) (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect.
Answer:
Option (a) is correct
Explanation: The Assertion correctly states that formal equality or equality before the law is necessary but not sufficient to realise the principle of equality. The Reason provided also correctly explains why formal equality is necessary but insufficient. It highlights that formal equality ensures equal treatment under the law, but it may not address historical disadvantages, systemic discrimination, or socio-economic disparities that can hinder individuals from achieving true equality in opportunities and outcomes. The Reason directly explains why the Assertion is true. It emphasises the limitations of formal equality and how it may not adequately address the deeper societal factors that contribute to inequality. Therefore, the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
Question 4.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the appropriate option as answer:
Assertion (A): Indian secularism is fundamentally different from Western secularism.
Reason (B): Indian secularism accommodates diverse religious traditions within the country’s social fabric rather than advocating strict separation of religion and state. [1]
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of(A).
(c) (A) is incorrect, but (R) is correct.
(d) (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect.
Answer:
Option (a) is correct
Explanation: The Assertion correctly states that Indian secularism is fundamentally different from Western secularism. The Reason provided also correctly explains why Indian secularism differs from Western secularism. It highlights that Indian secularism accommodates diverse religious traditions within the country’s social fabric, which is in contrast to the concept of strict separation of religion and state advocated by Western secularism.
The Reason directly explains why the Assertion is true. It elaborates on the unique approach of Indian secularism and how it focuses on harmoniously integrating various religious traditions into the broader societal context.
Question 5.
Affirmative action is based on the idea that:
(a) Formal equality by law is sufficient to eliminate inequalities.
(b) Positive measures are unnecessary to address entrenched social inequalities.
(c) Cumulative effects of past inequalities need to be corrected.
(d) Religious dominance should be promoted.
Answer:
Option (c) is correct
Explanation: Affirmative action aims to address historical and systemic inequalities by providing special measures to disadvantaged groups, ensuring that they have equal opportunities and access to resources.
Question 6.
…………….. recognises that one can be free only in society (not outside it) and hence tries to make that society such that it enables the development of the individual. [1]
‘(a) negative Liberty
(b) Positive Liberty
(c) Freedom of Expression
(d) Harm Principle
Answer:
Option (b) is correct
Explanation: Positive liberty emphasises that true freedom is achieved through the creation of a just and enabling society that allows individuals to develop and flourish.
Question 7.
Which of the following countries has a parliamentary system? [1]
(a) United States
(b) Germany
(c) France
(d) Russia
Answer:
Option (b) is correct
Explanation: Germany has a parliamentary system of government. In a parliamentary system, the executive branch (headed by the Chancellor) derives its authority from and is accountable to the legislative branch (Bundestag or Federal Diet) of the government. The Chancellor is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Bundestag and is responsible for running the government and implementing laws. The President of Germany, while an important figure, has a more ceremonial role in the government.
Question 8.
Flow do nationalists in India justify the continuity and unity of the Indian nation? [1]
(a) By emphasising economic achievements
(b) By focusing on recent historical events
(c) By invoking ancient civilization, cultural heritage, and achievements
(d) d. By promoting religious diversity.
Answer:
Option (c) is correct
Explanation: Indian nationalists often highlight the rich cultural history and heritage of the country to emphasise the unity and continuity of the Indian nation.
Question 9.
What does an inclusive definition of national identity recognize? [1]
(a) Only the importance of the dominant cultural community
(b) The importance of the state’s economic growth
(c) The importance and unique contribution of all cultural communities
(d) The exclusion of minority groups.
Answer:
Option (c) is correct
Explanation: An inclusive definition of national identity recognises and values the diverse cultural communities within a nation. It acknowledges that a nation is made up of various cultural, ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups, each contributing to the rich tapestry of its identity. Inclusivity promotes unity and harmony by celebrating the differences and contributions of all communities, rather than favouring only the dominant cultural group.
Question 10.
Where can the provisions about citizenship in the Indian Constitution be found? [1]
(a) Part One
(b) Part Two
(c) Part Three
(d) Part Four
Answer:
Option (b) is correct
Explanation: The provisions about citizenship in the Indian Constitution can be found in Part Two. Part Two of the Indian Constitution deals with citizenship, and it includes Articles 5 to 11 that outline various aspects of citizenship, such as who is considered a citizen of India and the rights of such citizens.
Question 11.
In a parliamentary system, who is the head of government? [1]
(a) President
(b) Monarch
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Cabinet Minister
Answer:
Option (c) is correct
Explanation: In a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislative body (such as the Parliament) and is responsible for running the government, making policy decisions, and representing the country at the national and international levels.
Question 12.
What is the key factor that justifies differential treatment or special assistance under affirmative action? [1]
(a) Promoting social prejudices and discrimination.
(b) Ensuring reverse discrimination against privileged sections.
(c) Protecting fundamental interests of deprived communities.
(d) Reinforcing caste and racial hierarchies.
Answer:
Option (c) is correct
Explanation: Affirmative action is justified by the need to address historical disadvantages and ensure that deprived communities have access to opportunities that were denied to them in the past.
Section-B
Question 13.
Is freedom necessary for progress of human beings? [2]
Answer:
Freedom serves as a foundational element for human growth. It empowers individuals to flourish by pursuing their ambitions and fostering innovation. However, this liberty must be tempered by an awareness of its impact on others. When freedom infringes upon the well-being of fellow beings, responsible restraint becomes essential. Thus, a delicate equilibrium between personal progress and the preservation of others’ freedoms forms the cornerstone of human advancement.
Question 14.
What is the philosophy of Indian Constitution? Write any two points. [2]
Answer:
The main points of importance are:
- In spite of differences in opinion, there was a general consensus to the provisions of the Constitution.
- It has simultaneous provisions for fundamental rights as well as Directive Principles of State Policy.
Question 15.
What is moral justice? [2]
Answer:
Moral justice refers to the concept of fairness and righteousness based on ethical principles and moral values. It encompasses the idea of treating individuals and groups equitably and morally, ensuring that their rights and well-being are respected. Moral justice goes beyond legal frameworks and addresses the broader ethical considerations of right and wrong, often aiming to achieve a balance between individual rights and societal welfare.
Question 16.
Explain the role of judiciary in the Indian Federal setup. [2]
Answer:
The judiciary plays an important role in maintenance of the federal system in India. Any dispute between the Central Government and the State Governments or between the different State Governments is resolved by the judiciary to maintain harmony. This judiciary is independent from the control of central or any of the State Governments.
Question 17.
What are the benefits of positive freedom? [2]
Answer:
Positive freedom ensures:
- The end of oppression and injustice to minorities by addressing historical disadvantages and providing them with opportunities for social and economic advancement.
- Equal opportunities across all sections of society, promoting inclusivity and enabling individuals to pursue their aspirations and potential regardless of their background or circumstances.
Question 18.
Write a note on slave trade. [2]
Answer:
The transatlantic slave trade was a dark chapter in history where millions of Africans were forcibly captured, transported, and enslaved in the Americas and other parts of the world. Driven by the demand for labour on plantations, these enslaved individuals endured unimaginable suffering and brutality.
Families were torn apart, cultures were disrupted, and human dignity was disregarded. Abolitionist movements and moral concerns eventually led to the end of the slave trade, but its legacy of racial injustice and inequality persists in modern times.
Section-C
Question 19.
State some Fundamental Rights that cater to the protection of minorities in the country. [4]
Answer:
In the context of India, several Fundamental Rights contribute to the protection of minorities:
Right to Equality (Article 14-18): Ensures that all citizens are treated equally before the law and are not discriminated against on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. This prevents discrimination against minority communities.
Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28):
Guarantees the freedom to practice and propagate any religion, subject to public order, morality, and health. This protects the rights of religious minorities to freely practice their faith.
Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30):
Protects the interests of minorities in preserving their distinct culture, language, and script. It allows minorities to establish and administer educational institutions for the protection and preservation of their culture.
Article 350 A of the Constitution of India pertains to the ‘Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at the primary stage.’ This article focuses on the provision of educational facilities in the mother tongue to linguistic minorities in certain states of India.
Question 20.
State the limitations on the Right to freedom of Speech and Expression. [4]
Answer:
While the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression is a Fundamental Right, it is not absolute and is subject to certain limitations to ensure public order, morality, and the rights of others. Some of the limitations on this right include speech that threatens the sovereignty, integrity, and security of the nation, or incites violence or insurrection, can be restricted to protect the interests of the state. Speech that endangers diplomatic relations with other countries or incites hostility towards foreign nations may be restricted. Expression that disrupts public peace and order, promotes violence or leads to riots or disorder can be curtailed to maintain public safety.
Speech that is obscene, vulgar, or offensive to public decency and morality may be limited to uphold societal values. Expression that undermines the authority and dignity of the judiciary or interferes with the administration of justice may be restricted. It’s important to strike a balance between protecting individual freedoms and maintaining the broad interests of society. These limitations are intended to prevent abuse and ensure that freedom of speech and expression is exercised responsibly and in a manner that respects the rights and well-being of others.
Question 21.
Write a short note on the Panchayati Raj System. [4]
Answer:
The Panchayati Raj System is a decentralized form of local governance in India, established through the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. It comprises three tiers: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the intermediate level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. This system empowers communities by devolving powers, functions, and responsibilities to manage essential services and development activities at the grassroots level. It ensures democratic participation through regular elections, reservations for marginalised sections, and financial autonomy.
The Panchayats play a crucial role in planning, executing local development schemes, and promoting social justice. Additionally, it promotes transparency, accountability, and the socio-economic empowerment of women. By fostering community participation, capacity building, and inclusive development, the Panchayati Raj System aims to strengthen local governance and accelerate rural progress.
Question 22.
Why should one obey the Indian Constitution? [4]
OR
Do the states have financial autonomy or are they dependent on the center for the financial matters of the state? [4]
Answer:
Obedience to the Indian Constitution is not just a legal obligation but a fundamental duty that underpins the very fabric of our democratic society. The Constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, outlining the rights, responsibilities, and principles that govern our nation. There are compelling reasons why one should steadfastly obey the Indian Constitution.
Firstly, the Constitution enshrines the values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity – the cornerstones of a progressive society. By adhering to its principles, we contribute to the creation of a just and harmonious nation where every individual’s rights are protected. The Constitution safeguards Fundamental Rights, ensuring that citizens enjoy freedoms such as speech, expression, religion, and education. Respecting these rights fosters an environment of tolerance and inclusivity.
Moreover, the Constitution promotes social and economic justice through provisions for affirmative action, reservation, and protection of vulnerable sections.
Additionally, the Constitution serves as a unifying force in a diverse nation like India. By obeying the Indian Constitution, we honour the sacrifices of those who fought for our freedom and democracy. We uphold the democratic ideals that have guided our nation’s progress and development. Obedience to the Constitution is not just a legal duty; it is a commitment to building a strong, inclusive, and prosperous India for generations to come.
OR
The financial relationship between the states and the Central Government in India is characterized by a complex interplay of taxes, grants, and allocations. While the Central Government primarily levies taxes, such as income tax, corporate tax, and customs duties, certain taxes like state excise duties and sales tax/VAT (before GST implementation) are collected and utilised by the states. Moreover, a portion of the taxes collected by the center is distributed to the states as per established principles.
The Finance Commission of India, appointed by the President once every five years, plays a pivotal role in recommending the allocation of funds to states. The Commission considers factors like population, fiscal capacity, development needs, and equity while making its recommendations. This ensures a fair distribution of financial resources and empowers states to address their specific requirements. In addition to taxes and allocations, the Central Government extends various grants to states.
These grants include revenue grants for meeting general expenditure needs and capital grants for specific development projects. These financial provisions enhance states’ financial autonomy and enable them to undertake developmental initiatives.
However, it’s important to note that while states do have a degree of financial autonomy, there are certain limitations. States are required to adhere to fiscal norms set by the Central Government to ensure fiscal discipline and macroeconomic stability. Additionally, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) implementation has transformed Indias indirect tax structure, affecting the financial landscape by altering tax collection and sharing mechanisms.
Question 23.
What are the Direct and Indirect methods of elections? [4]
OR
What is the implication of liberty – absence of restraints or presence of controlled restraints? [4]
Answer:
(i) Direct and indirect methods are two primary ways of conducting elections.
In direct elections, citizens directly cast their votes for the candidates of their choice. This method is commonly used in most democratic systems for electing representatives to legislative bodies or local offices. In direct elections, the candidate with the highest number of votes wins the election.
In contrast, indirect elections involve an intermediary body or group in the selection process. This is often used in presidential elections, where an Electoral College or a similar group of representatives is responsible for electing the president. Indirect elections are intended to provide a system of checks and balances and prevent hasty decisions based solely on public opinion. However, they can sometimes lead to outcomes that don’t reflect the popular vote.
OR
The implication of liberty can be understood as the presence of controlled restraints rather than the absence of all restraints. While liberty suggests the absence of oppressive restrictions that curtail individual freedoms, it does not mean complete anarchy or lawlessness. Instead, a balanced concept of liberty recognises the need for certain controlled restraints to ensure that individual freedoms do not infringe upon the rights and freedoms of others or the well-being of society as a whole.
Controlled restraints in the form of laws, regulations, and societal norms are necessary to maintain order, protect public safety, and uphold the rights of all individuals. For example, the freedom of speech is a fundamental liberty, but it is subject to limitations such as restrictions on hate speech or speech that incites violence. Similarly, the freedom of assembly is protected, but authorities may impose reasonable restrictions to prevent potential harm or disruption.
In essence, the implication of liberty is that it exists within a framework of responsible and controlled restraints that strike a balance between individual rights and the collective welfare. This perspective recogriises that complete absence of restraints could lead to chaos and infringements on others’ rights, while excessive or unchecked restraints could undermine the very essence of liberty itself.
Section-D
Question 24.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follows:
The Indian Constitution is based on a delicate principle of limited separation of powers and checks and balances. This means that each organ of the government has a clear area of functioning. Thus, the Parliament is supreme in making laws and amending the Constitution, the executive is supreme in implementing them while the judiciary is supreme in settling disputes and deciding whether the laws that have been made are in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Despite such clear-cut division of power the conflict between the Parliament and judiciary, and executive and the judiciary has remained a recurrent theme in Indian politics.
(i) According to the passage, which organ of the government is supreme in making laws and amending the Constitution? [1]
(a) The Judiciary
(b) The Executive
(c) The Parliament
(d) The President
Answer:
(i) Option (c) is correct
Explanation: The passage clearly states that ‘the Parliament is supreme in making laws and amending the Constitution.’ This indicates that the legislative branch, represented by the Parliament, holds the authority to create and modify laws, as well as to amend the Constitution when necessary.
(ii) What is the primary role of the executive in the government?[1]
(a) Making laws
(b) Implementing laws
(c) Settling disputes
(d) Amending the Constitution
Answer:
Option (b) is correct
Explanation: The passage points out that ‘the executive is supreme in implementing them,’ where ‘them’ refers to the laws created by the Parliament. This underscores the executive branch’s responsibility for executing and implementing the laws enacted by the legislative branch.
(iii) ………………….. organ of the government is responsible for settling disputes and ensuring laws are in accordance with the Constitution? [1]
(a) The Executive
(b) The Judiciary
(c) The Parliament
(d) The President
Answer:
Option (b) is correct
Explanation: The passage states that ‘the judiciary is supreme in settling disputes and deciding whether the laws that have been made are in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.’ This highlights the role of the judiciary in interpreting laws, resolving conflicts, and ensuring that laws align with the fundamental principles and provisions of the Constitution.
(iv) Despite the clear division of power, what has remained a recurrent theme in Indian politics? [1]
(a) Complete agreement between organs of the government
(b) Collaboration between the Parliament and judiciary
(c) Conflict between the Parliament and judiciary, and executive and the judiciary
(d) Supremacy of the President’s role.
Answer:
Option (c) is correct
Explanation: The passage indicates that despite the clear separation of powers, conflicts have arisen between different branches of the government. There is a recurring theme of conflict between the Parliament and the judiciary, as well as between the executive and the judiciary. This conflict underscores the ongoing dynamics and interactions among these branches of government in the Indian political system.
Question 25.
Read the passage estions that follows:
Although there might be broad agreement in modern society about the equal importance of all people, it is not a simple matter to decide how to give each person his/her due. A number of different principles have been put forward in this regard. One of the principles is the principle of treating equals equally. It is considered that all individuals share certain characteristics as human beings. Therefore, they deserve equal rights and equal treatment.
Some of the important rights which are granted in most liberal democracies today include civil rights such as the rights of life, liberty and property, political rights Like the right to vote, which enable people to participate in political processes, and certain social rights which would include the right to enjoy equal opportunities with other members of the society.
(i) What is the principle of treating equals equally?
(ii) Why is it complex to ensure each person gets their due in modern society?
(iii) Provide examples of civil rights granted in liberal democracies.
(iv) Explain political rights and offer examples. [4]
Answer:
(i) The principle of treating equals equally asserts that all individuals, sharing certain human characteristics, should receive equal rights and fair treatment.
(ii) It is intricate because different principles exist for deciding fair treatment, and applying these principles universally can be challenging.
(iii) Civil rights encompass rights such as life, liberty, and property protection, ensuring fundamental freedoms for individuals.
(iv) Political rights grant individuals the right to participate in political processes. Examples include the right to vote and stand for elections.
Question 26.
Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follows:
The Parliament is the boss and the ministers are very humble here. That is the effect Parliament’s power to sanction money to different ministers
(i) What is the significance of the cartoon?
(ii) What is the role of Parliament in financial control of the executive?
(iii) What are the other financial powers of the Parliament? [4]
Answer:
(i) The cartoon highlights the authority of the Parliament over ministers, especially in financial matters.
(ii) The Parliament holds the power to approve and allocate funds to different ministries, ensuring transparency, accountability, and effective use of public funds by the executive branch.
(iii)The Parliament also has the authority to discuss and approve the budget, impose taxes, allocate resources for various programs, and conduct financial audits to ensure proper financial management by the executive.
Section-E
Question 27.
In a discussion on the experience of the working of our Constitution, three speakers took three different positions:
(i) Harbans: The Indian Constitution has succeeded in giving us a framework of democratic government.
(ii) Neha: The Constitution made solemn promises of ensuring liberty, equality and fraternity. Since this has not happened the Constitution has failed.
(iii) Nazima: The Constitution has not failed us. We have failed the Constitution.
Do you agree with any of these positions? If yes, why? If not, what is your own position?
OR
Explain some civil tights of Indian citizens. [6]
Answer:
The perspectives presented on the effectiveness of the Indian Constitution showcase a diverse array of view points.
(i) Harbans emphasises the Constitution’s triumph in establishing a democratic structure, which indeed marks a significant accomplishment.
(ii) Neha’s sentiment of unmet expectations aligns with the hope that the Constitution would usher in absolute freedom, equality, and fraternity. However, it is crucial to recognise that the realisation of these ideals is an ongoing and evolving process, and their complete manifestation may require time.
(iii) Nazima’s perspective is notably perceptive; it posits that the Constitution itself cannot falter Instead, the responsibility falls on the populace to uphold and adhere to its principles. The Constitution acts as a blueprint, and its effectiveness hinges on the dedication and actions of the citizens.
In concurrence with Nazima’s viewpoint, I share the belief that attributing perceived deficiencies solely to the Constitution would oversimplify the assessment. Our Constitution is a living document that accommodates growth and evolution. To determine its success or failure, it is imperative to evaluate the extent to which we, as a society, have embraced its principles and collaboratively contributed to the realisation of its objectives.
OR
Civil rights in the Indian Constitution refer to the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to Indian citizens that ensure their individual freedoms and protect them from government infringement. These rights are essential for maintaining a just and democratic society. Some of the civil rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution include:
(i) Right to Equality: This includes the right to be treated equally before the law and protection against discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
(ii) Right to Freedom: This encompasses various freedoms such as freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly, freedom of association, and freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.
(iii) Right against Exploitation: This guarantees protection against forced labour and child labour, and prohibits human trafficking.
(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion: This grants individuals the freedom to practice, profess, and propagate any religion of their choice.
(v) Cultural and Educational Rights: These rights allow individuals to conserve their culture, language, and establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies: This ensures that individuals can seek legal remedies in case their Fundamental Rights are violated.
(vii) Right to Privacy: While not explicitly mentioned as a Fundamental Right, the Supreme Court of India has recognised the right to privacy as an integral part of the right to life and personal liberty.
These civil rights are crucial for maintaining the democratic fabric of the country and upholding the dignity and freedom of Indian citizens. They empower individuals to lead a life of their choice and protect them from arbitrary actions by the government.
Question 28.
Write an essay of two hundred words on the proposal to have an elected administration instead of an appointed administration. [6]
OR
What are some of the problems faced by refugees? [6]
Answer:
The debate over whether to have an elected administration instead of an appointed administration is a topic of great significance in the realm of governance. While both systems have their merits and drawbacks, the shift towards an elected administration can bring about several positive changes. An elected administration, where officials are chosen by the people through democratic processes, holds the potential to enhance
accountability and transparency.
Elected representatives are directly answerable to the electorate, which fosters a stronger sense of responsibility and a genuine commitment to public welfare. This can lead to better governance and decision-making, as officials would be driven to fulfill the promises made during the election campaign. Furthermore, an elected administration often reflects the diversity of the population, ensuring representation of different segments of society.
This inclusivity contributes to more balanced policies that take into account the varied needs and aspirations of the people. The participation of citizens in the selection process fosters a sense of ownership and involvement in the functioning of the government, thereby promoting civic engagement and a vibrant democracy.
However, the transition to an elected administration requires careful consideration. Elections can be costly and time-consuming processes, and there is a need to ensure that they are conducted fairly and efficiently.
Moreover, the quality and capability of elected officials must be assured to avoid inefficiencies and corruption.
OR
Refugees often confront a host of challenges and hardships that can make their lives incredibly difficult:
- Local residents may not always welcome refugees warmly, leading to feelings of isolation and discrimination.
- Economic strain on the local economy can lead to resentment as refugees compete for limited resources.
- Competition for jobs can create tensions between refugees and local residents.
- Living conditions in makeshift shelters can result in health concerns, which might lead to blame being unfairly placed on refugees.
- Economic exploitation may force refugees into low-paying jobs with little job security.
- Access to basic necessities like shelter, food, and employment can be restricted, impacting their overall well-being.
- Lack of legal rights and protection can leave refugees vulnerable to abuse and exploitation.
- Disregarding for their rights can result in unfair treatment and harassment by local authorities and residents.
Question 29.
Justify the statement, ‘Universal Adult Franchise is the root to the success of democracy’. [6]
OR
What do you mean by sub-nationalism? Differentiate between a state and a nation. [6]
Answer:
Universal Adult Franchise, granting every adult citizen the right to vote, is often regarded as the cornerstone of a successful democracy due to several reasons. Firstly, it ensures equal participation and representation of all citizens, regardless of their social, economic, or educational background, promoting inclusivity and preventing the concentration of power within a select few. This helps prevent tyranny and promotes diverse perspectives in decision-making.
Secondly, universal suffrage reflects the principle of political equality, recognising that every citizen’s voice holds equal importance in shaping the direction of the country. This fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment among citizens, motivating them to engage actively in political processes and contribute to the nation’s development.
Moreover, universal adult franchise encourages accountability among elected representatives, as they are answerable to the entire electorate. It compels politicians to consider the needs and concerns of all segments of society, reducing the risk of policies that benefit only a specific group.
However, it is crucial to note that the success of democracy does not solely rely on universal suffrage but is complemented by factors such as a robust legal framework, protection of individual rights, an independent judiciary, and a vibrant civil society.
While universal adult franchise provides a solid foundation, a truly successful democracy requires continuous efforts to ensure transparency, citizen engagement, and effective governance.
OR
Sub-nationalism refers to the strong sense of identity, culture, and political aspirations that certain groups within a larger nation possess. It involves the feeling of belonging to a distinct sub-group within a nation, often seeking greater autonomy or recognition for their unique identity and interests.
Differentiating between a state and a nation:
A nation refers to a group of common cultural, linguistic, identity. It’s a community characteristic. people who share a historical, or ethnic bound by shared A state, on the other hand, is a political entity with defined geographical boundaries, its own government, laws, and sovereignty. It may encompass one or more nations within its territory. In short, a nation is a cultural or social concept, while a state is a political and territorial concept. Not all nations have their own separate states (e.g., Kurds), and not all states are homogenous nations (e.g., India).
Question 30.
In what ways is the study of political theory useful for us? Identify four ways in which the political theory can be useful to us. [6]
OR
Do you thinks that India is a secular country, why or why not? [6]
Answer:
Political theory acts as a valuable tool to grasp the intricate meanings of political concepts in everyday language. It engages in comprehensive discussions, systematically analysing diverse interpretations across various contexts.
Its utility lies in various aspects:
Firstly, it unveils the essence of constitution formation, delving into the underlying ideas that shape systematic configurations of governments and societies.
Secondly, it emphasises key principles like the rule of law, separation of powers, and judicial review, shedding light on their impact on political systems. Thirdly, it aids professionals such as bureaucrats, politicians, and advocates in interpreting laws and the constitution. It facilitates understanding societal issues and exploring solutions. Lastly, it fosters introspection among individuals regarding their political perceptions, encouraging a balanced approach to ideas and emotions.
OR
Indias secularism is a complex issue, reflecting a combination of constitutional principles and ground realities. While India officially upholds the idea of secularism, the question of whether it is truly secular is subject to debate. From a constitutional standpoint, India is secular, as enshrined in the Preamble, which assures citizens the right to practice and propagate any religion without discrimination.
The Constitution prohibits the state from endorsing any particular religion, ensuring equal treatment to all religions. Additionally, various laws and provisions safeguard minority rights. However, the ground reality is more nuanced. India’s history is marked by diverse religious traditions coexisting, but tensions and conflicts based on religious lines have also arisen. Communal politics and incidents have occasionally challenged the secular fabric. Moreover, debates surrounding religious personal laws and state intervention in religious matters reveal complexities in achieving a true separation of religion and state. Economic and social inequalities along religious lines persist, raising questions about the extent of secularism’s success.
While the state aims to be impartial, biases can still influence governance, especially at local levels. In conclusion, India’s secularism is both an aspiration and a work in progress. While the Constitution envisions a secular state, achieving it fully requires ongoing efforts to address socio-political challenges, ensuring equal opportunities and rights for all citizens, regardless of their religious beliefs.