Experts have designed these Class 7 SST Notes Chapter 4 Turning Tides: 11th and 12th Centuries Class 7 Notes for effective learning.
Class 7 Turning Tides: 11th and 12th Centuries Notes
Turning Tides: 11th and 12th Centuries Notes Class 7
Class 7 SST Chapter 4 Turning Tides: 11th and 12th Centuries Notes
→ Arabs tried to enter India earlier but failed to establish lasting control; from the 11th century, new Turkic invaders arrived with stronger armies.
→ The Hindu Shahi dynasty defended the northwest for long but was defeated by Mahmud of Ghazni, giving him access to northern India.
→ Mahmud conducted 17 raids mainly for plunder destroying temples in places like Mathura, Kannauj, and Somnath, and carrying away wealth.
→ His campaigns caused large-scale killings and enslavement; he sometimes replaced destroyed temples with mosques.
→ Scholars like AI-BTrunT recorded the devastation but also studied Indian culture deeply, learning Sanskrit and documenting Indian knowledge.
→ Bhaskaracharya (Bhaskara II) made major contributions to mathematics and astronomy; his works like Lilavati and Siddhantasiromani, became widely influential.
→ Eastern India (Bengal, Odisha) remained stable; the Sena dynasty promoted Hindu culture and patronised Jayadeva.
→ The Eastern Gangas became a major power and built famous temples such as Jagannath (Puri) and the Sun Temple (Konark).
→ In the Deccan, the Western Chalukyas declined; the Kakatiyas and Hoysalas rose as major powers, known for administration, irrigation works, literature, and remarkable temple architecture.
→ The Cholas became one of India’s greatest empires, excelling in naval power, administration, and temple construction.
→ Rajaraja Chola I expanded the empire and built the Brihadisvara Temple; his son Rajendra Chola I led successful northern and overseas expeditions, including against the Srivijaya Empire.
→ Trade, irrigation, agriculture, and temple-building flourished across south India despite frequent wars.
→ In central India, the Paramaras under King Bhoja contributed greatly to literature, architecture, and public works like large lakes and temples.
→ A major turning point came with Muhammad GhurT’s invasions; unlike Mahmud, he aimed to establish rule and defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain (1192).
→ His generals, including Qutb-ud-din Aibak, extended control and later founded the Delhi Sultanate.
→ Bakhtiyar Khilji destroyed major Buddhist centres such as Nalanda and Vikramashila, contributing to the decline of Buddhism in India.
→ Administration required large revenues to support armies; Muhammad Ghurt introduced a more centralised system of revenue collection through land assignments.
→ Trade with China and Southeast Asia continued; merchant guilds remained active, and seaports stayed busy.
→ Cultural life remained vibrant: new literature appeared in Sanskrit and regional languages; temples like Khajuraho were built; scholars wrote encyclopaedic works like Manasollasa.
→ Thinkers like Ramanuja and Basaveshwara shaped religious and social movements, promoting devotion and reducing social barriers.
→ Despite invasions and destruction, India showed resilience – trade continued, kingdoms rebuilt, cultural and intellectual traditions flourished, and Indian influence spread abroad (e.g., Angkor Wat).
→ Turkic: Refers to peoples, languages, and cultures historically associated with a vast region stretching
across Central Asia, all the way to Turkey and Siberia.
→ Sultan: A Muslim ruler or king who holds political authority in a kingdom.
→ Dynasty: A family of rulers who govern a country for several generations.
→ Invasion: A large armed entry into another land with the intent to conquer or control it.
→ Raid: A quick attack on a place to damage it or take valuables, then withdraw.
→ Plunder: To steal goods and valuables during war or an attack.
→ Cavalry: Soldiers who fight on horseback; valued for speed and shock in battle.
→ Scholar: A person who studies deeply and knows a lot about a subject.
→ Maritime: Connected with the sea, especially shipping, naval activities, and trade by sea.
→ Patron: A person (often a king or rich supporter) who gives money or help to artists, scholars, or institutions.
→ 1985 – 1014: Reign of Rajaraja Chola I: Bnhadishvara Temple built at Thanjavur.
→ 1000 – 1008: Mahmud of Ghazni defeats the Hindu Shahi rulers.
→1014 – 1044: Reign of Rajendra Chola I.
→ 1025: Rajendra Chola’s naval expedition to Southeast Asia.
→ 1018: Mahmud sacks Mathura and Kannauj.
→ 1026: Mahmud plunders the Somnath Temple.
→ 1010 – 1055: Reign of Bhoja of Maiwa.
→ 12th century: Rise of the Kakatiya dynasty and the Hoysalas.
→ 1150: Bhaskaracharya writes Lilavati.
→ 1178: Muhammad Ghun defeated at Mount Abu.
→ 1191: First Battle of Tarain: Prithviraj Chauhan defeats Muhammad Ghuri.
→ 1192: Second Battle of Tarain: Muhammad Ghun defeats Prithviraj Chauhan.
→ 1193 – 1200: Bakhtiyar Khilji destroys Nalanda and Vikramashila.
→ 1203 – 04: Bakhtiyar captures Nadia in Bengal.
→ 1206: Deaths of Muhammad Ghuri and Bakhtiyar Khilji; rise of the Delhi Sultanate under Qutb-ud-din Aibak.