Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology with Solutions and marking scheme Set 4 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 4 with Solutions
Time Allowed:- 3 hours
Maximum Marks:- 80
General Instructions:
- The question paper is divided into four sections.
- There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
- Section A includes question no. 1-16. These are MCQ-type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
- Section B includes question no. 17-25. These are Very Short Answer-type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Section C includes question no. 26-32. They are Short Answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
- Section D includes question no. 33-35. They are Long Answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words each.
- Question no. 33 is to be answered with the help of the given graphics. Question no. 34 is to be answered with the help of the given passage.
Section-A (16×1=16 Marks)
Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Assertion (A): Out of the 1,632 languages spoken in India, 22 have not been officially recognized. [1]
Reason (R): The population of India consists of about one billion people who speak approximately 1,632 different languages.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.
Answer:
(D) A is false and R is true.
Explanation: Over a billion people speak approximately 1,632 different languages and dialects. Among these, twenty-two languages have been officially recognised and included in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.
Question 2.
Who proposed a resolution against the evils of polygamy at the All India Muslim Ladies Conference? [1]
(A) Jahanara Shah Nawas Nawaz
(B) Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan
(C) JyotibaPhule
(D) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer:
(A) Jahanara Shah Nawas Nawaz
Explanation: Jahanara Shah Nawaz proposed a resolution against the evils of Polygamy in the All-India Muslim Ladies Conferences. Jahanara Shah Nawaz is a renowned politician and Muslim League activist. In 1918 she was successful in making the Muslim League pass a resolution against polygamy. She argued that polygamy existing in India is not by the parameters set by the Quran.
Question 3.
Assertion (A): We cannot be governed by anyone other than the people we have ourselves elected to represent us. [1]
Reason (R): Universal adult franchise, or the right of every adult to vote, is one of the foremost rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.
Answer:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Universal adult franchise, or the right of every adult to vote, is one of the foremost rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. It means that we cannot be governed by anyone other than the people we have ourselves elected to represent us.
Question 4.
Which of the following is not a factor related to a low child-sex ratio? [1]
(A) Illiteracy
(B) Socio-cultural beliefs
(C) Economic condition
(D) Preference for girl child
Answer:
(D) Preference for girl child
Explanation: The desire for male children is one of the reasons for low sex ratio in the country. Other important causes of low child sex ratio are increased illiteracy rate, poor economic conditions and socio-cultural beliefs.
Question 5.
Assertion (A): A significant yet paradoxical change in the caste system in the contemporary period is that it has tended to become ‘invisible’ for the upper caste, urban middle and upper classes. [1]
Reason (R): Caste plays no part in their private lives.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.
Answer:
(C) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: For the upper caste, caste plays no part in their public lives, being limited to the personal sphere of religious practice or marriage and kinship.
Question 6.
The argument for a tribe-caste distinction was founded on an assumed cultural difference between Hindu castes, with their beliefs in purity and pollution and hierarchical integration, and ‘animist’ tribal with their more egalitarian and kinship-based modes of social organisation.” Which of the following is not a characteristic of tribal communities? [1]
(A) Egalitarian organisation
(B) Kinship-based mode of social organisation
(C) Animists
(D) Organised religion
Answer:
(D) Organised religion
Explanation: Tribes lack organised religion
Question 7.
What does Amartya Sen mean by the failure of entitlements? [1]
(A) The inability of people to buy or otherwise obtain food.
(B) Famines.
(C) Vulnerability to variations in rainfall.
(D) Lack of adequate means of transport and communication.
Answer:
(A) The inability of people to buy or otherwise obtain food.
Explanation: According to Sen, famine is caused due to shortage of food but due to failure of entitlement. A person suffers from failure of food entitlement when his entitlement set does not contain enough food to enable him to avoid starvation in the absence of non-entitlement transfers, such as charity.
Question 8.
Which of the following is not an example of ‘positive checks’ to population growth? [1]
(A) Natural disasters
(B) Celibacy
(C) Famines
(D) Disease
Answer:
(B) Celibacy
Explanation: Celibacy, along with other means such as postponing marriage and practicing birth control are examples of what Malthus calls ‘preventive checks.’
Question 9.
In which of the following subjects State or Centre both can legislate? [1]
(A) State
(B) Complementary
(C) Concurrent
(D) Centre
Answer:
(C) Concurrent
Explanation: The subject on which both the Centre and State Governments can legislate are contained in the Concurrent List. Both the Parliament and the State Legislatures can make laws on the subjects included in this list.
Question 10.
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded. [1]
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.
Answer:
(D) A is false and R is true.
Explanation: Since it is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded, social exclusion is involuntary.
Question 11.
____________ literally ‘colour’, is the name given to a four-fold division of society into Brahmana, Kshatriya, vaishya, and Shudra. [1]
(A) Varna
(B) Jati
(C) Caste
(D) None of these
Answer:
(A) Varna
Explanation: Varna, literally ‘colour’, is the name given to a four-fold division of society into brahmana, Kshatriya, vaishya and shudra.
Question 12.
Which of the following is a key challenge to the implementation of secularism in a diverse society? [1]
(A) Ensuring equal representation of all religious groups in the government.
(B) Balancing religious freedom with the prevention of religious extremism.
(C) Promoting a uniform code of conduct across all religious communities.
(D) Establishing a state religion to maintain social harmony.
Answer:
(B) Balancing religious freedom with the prevention of religious extremism.
Explanation: One of the main challenges in implementing secularism in a diverse society is striking a balance between safeguarding religious freedom and preventing religious extremism. While secularism aims to ensure the freedom of individuals to practice their religion, it also requires maintaining social harmony and preventing the misuse of religion for extremist purposes. It is essential to protect religious freedoms while simultaneously addressing any potential threats to public safety and societal cohesion.
Question 13.
Implied that the people of India or of any colonised society have an equal right to be sovereign. [1]
(A) Socialism
(B) Communism
(C) Capitalism
(D) Nationalism
Answer:
(B) Communism
Explanation: Nationalism implies that any set of people have the right to be free and exercise sovereign power. It implied that people of India have an equal right to be sovereign.
Question 14.
There are certain kinds of changes that change the family structure. Apart from the structure, what else does it change? [1]
(A) Family norms
(B) Cultural ideas
(C) Family values
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(D) All of the above
Explanation: Apart from the alterations in the structure caused due to the changes in family structures, other kinds of changes such as changes in family values, family norms and cultural norms also take place.
Question 15.
Castes were traditionally linked to occupations. Caste-based occupations are _________ in nature. [1]
(A) hereditary
(B) equal
(C) segmentary
(D) less rigid
Answer:
(A) hereditary
Explanation: A person bom into a caste could only practice the occupation associated with that caste, so that occupations were hereditary, i.e., passed on from generation to generation.
Question 16.
According to the Census of India data (2011), which state in India has the highest child sex ratio? [1]
(A) Kerala
(B) Arunachal Pradesh
(C) Assam
(D) Chhattisgarh
Answer:
(A) Kerala
Explanation: According to the Census of India data (2011), Kerela with 1084 has the highest child sex ratio.
Section – B (9×2=18 Marks)
Very Short Answer Questions
Question 17.
Mass media and communication channels are now bringing images of urban lifestyles and patterns of consumption into rural areas. Consequently, urban norms and standards are becoming well known even in remote villages, creating new desires and aspirations for consumption. Mass transit and mass communication are bridging the gap between rural and urban areas. Even in the past, the rural areas were never really beyond the reach, of market forces and today they are being more closely integrated into the consumer market. Considered from an urban point of view, the rapid growth in urbanisation shows that the town or city has been acting as a magnet for the rural population. [2]
Based upon above passage, answer the following question.
Why do urban areas act as a magnet for the rural population?
OR
“A complex product of the impact of colonial rule. The first deals with the deliberate and conscious efforts made by the 19th-century social reformers and early 20th century nationalists to bring in changes in social practices that discriminated against women and ‘lower’ castes. The second with the less deliberate yet decisive changes in cultural practices that can broadly be understood as the four processes of sanskritisation, modernization, secularisation and westernization. Sanskritisation pre-dates the coming of colonial rule. The other three processes can be understood better as complex responses of the people of India to the changes that colonialism brought about.”
Based upon above passage, answer the following question.
Explain cultural change and Sanskritization.
Answer:
When individuals are unable to find adequate employment opportunities in rural areas, they often migrate to cities in search of work. Urban areas typically offer a wider range of job prospects and economic opportunities due to the presence of industries, businesses, and services. The lifestyle, standards, and cultural norms of urban areas also influence the aspirations and desires of rural populations. Exposure to urban living and consumption patterns can create a desire for improved living conditions and access to modem amenities, which may contribute to the migration from rural to urban areas.
OR
Cultural change refers to change and transformation made in the network of individuals and society and community behaviour, e.g., Sanskritisation, Modernisation, and Westernisation. Sanskritisation is a term coined by M.N. Srinivas which is defined as a process in which a ‘low’ caste or tribe takes over the customs, ritual, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high caste.
Question 18.
State any two constitutional provisions meant to protect minority rights? [2]
Answer:
Two constitutional provisions meant to protect minority rights are:
Article 29:
- Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
- No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the state or received out of state funds on grounds of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
Article 30:
- All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Question 19.
Differentiate between Strike and a Lockout. [2]
Answer:
Strike | Lockout |
1. A strike is when employees in a certain industry stop working to compel them to satisfy certain demands. | A lockout occurs when an employer closes the workplace temporarily, suspends operations, or terminates the employment of a group of people who were previously employed. |
2. Strikes are defined as the workers’ complete cessation of work until their demands are met by the employers. | Lockouts are defined as the temporary closure of a workplace, stoppage of work, or refusal to hire. |
3. Strikes are weapons used by employees that are frequently triggered by economic factors. | Lockouts are weapons used by employers that can occur for a variety of reasons, both economic and noneconomic. |
Question 20.
In what way formal demography is different from social demography? [2]
Answer:
Formal demography:
- Quantitative field
- Analysis
- Measurement
- Statistics
- Mathematical
- Counting and enumeration
Social demography:
- Focus on social, economic and political aspects.
- Enquires into causes and consequences of population structures and change.
- Social processes and structures regulate demographic processes.
- Trace the social reasons for population trends.
Question 21.
Discuss the role of the cities in the development of economy in colonial rule. [2]
Answer:
- Due to the economic development, coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai were favoured.
- Cities started playing a significant role in the economic system of the British Empire.
- primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be imported with low cost.
- These cities became prime link between economic centres in Britain and margins in colonial India.
Question 22.
What was the focus of India’s nationalist struggle, and what was Mahatma Gandhi’s genius? [2]
Answer:
(1) It was against the fusion of foreign rule and capital
(2) Gandhi took items of everyday mass consumption like cloth and salt and transformed them into symbols of resistance.
Question 23.
What were the two structural changes brought by colonialisation in India? [2]
Answer:
- Urbanisation: Cities replaced villages as place to live for many.
- Industrialization: Refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.
Question 24.
State any four features of a Tribe? [2]
Answer:
(i) The tribe has its own geographical area.
(ii) The tribe has its own distinct culture.
(iii) The tribe lives in an undeveloped condition.
(iv) Every tribe has its different name, language, and tradition.
Question 25.
“We have already seen how industrialization and urbanization did not happen in India quite the way it did in Britain. More importantly, this is not because we began industrialisation late, but because our early industrialization and urbanisation in the modern period were governed by colonial interests. We cannot go into details about different industries here. We simply take the case of the tea industry in India as an example. Official reports show how the colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers. And clearly acted on behalf of the British planters. From fictional and other accounts, we get a glimpse of what life was for planters in this industry.” [2]
Read the passage and explain why urbanization did not occur in India in a similar manner as it did in Britain.
OR
Explain how globalisation has transformed the rural society
Answer:
Because our early industrialisation and urbanisation in the modem period were governed by colonial interests. Harsh measures were taken against the labourers. Colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers.
OR
Globalisation has penetrated the rural society which can be seen from the process of globalisation of agriculture. This has had a direct effect on the farmers as farmers have been incorporated into the larger global market.
Section – C (7×4=28 Marks)
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 26.
Who established the Satya Shodhak Samaj and for what purpose? [4]
Answer:
Satya Shodhak Samaj was established by Jyotiba Phule in 1873 because he wanted to aid the two groups considered lowest in traditional Brahmin culture: women and untouchables. A totem is a being, object, or symbol representing an animal or plant that serves as an emblem of a group of people such as a family clan, group, tribe, etc., reminding them of their ancestry. The totem system is considered sacred and is worshipped.
Question 27.
Discuss the plight of the labourers. [4]
OR
How did early sociologists perceive industrialisation?
Answer:
- Labour contributes to economic growth and development.
- Employment opportunities enable social mobility.
- Labour movements and trade unions advocate for workers’ rights.
- Fair labour practices promote social cohesion.
- Labour markets reflect gender and diversity dynamics.
- Work-life balance is important for well-being.
- Workshapes individual identities and socialization processes.
- Labour is integral to social welfare systems.
OR
Thinkers like Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim associated a number of social features with industry, such as urbanisation, the loss of face-to-face relationships. In rural areas, however, people had face-to-face relationships, worked on their own farms or for a landlord they knew. This was substituted by anonymous professional relationships in modern factories and workplaces. Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour.
People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Marx called this situation alienation, where people do not enjoy work and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive and even that survival depends on whether the technology has room for any human labour.
Question 28.
How is the process of the emergence of nationalism in colonies related to the Anti-colonial movement? [4]
Answer:
- The process of emergence of nationalism in colonies is definitely related to the Anticolonial movement.
- People came to identify their unity during their struggle against colonial rulers.
- All of them were equally exploited and suppressed by colonial rulers. This common experience of suppression tied them in a chain of unity.
- They came to know that foreign rulers could be thrownout of the country only with unified strength.
- This sense of unified strength helped in the emergence of nationalism.
Question 29.
How did de-industrialization take place in colonial India?
Answer:
- British industrialisation led to de-industrialisa¬ tion in some sectors;
- Decline of old urban centres;
- Manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactures from India declined in the face of Manchester competition.
- This period also saw the further decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam, while Bombay and Madras grew;
- When the British tookover Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka and Murshidabad lost their courts and their artisans and court gentry; Many village artisans abandoned their hereditary craft and moved to agriculture.
Question 30.
Elaborate on the discussion on the women education during the 19th and 20th century. [4]
Answer:
- The idea of female education was debated Social reformer Jyotiba Phule opened the first school for women in Pune.
- Reformers argued that women’s education is important for the society to progress leading to the justifications of the thoughts based on the modem and traditional ideas.
- Some of them believed that in pre-modem India, women were educated. Others contested this on the grounds that this was so only of a privileged few.
- Thus attempts to justify female education were made by recourse to both modern and traditional ideas.
Question 31.
What are the reasons that can be attributed to caste system becoming invisible for the upper classes, in the contemporary period? [4]
Answer:
- Upper caste elite were able to benefit from subsidised public education, especially professional education.
- Took advantage of the expansion of state sector jobs in the early decade’s after Independence.
- This lead over the rest of society (in terms of education) ensured that they did not face any serious competition.
- As their privileged status got consolidated in the second and third generations, these groups believed that caste played no role in their advancement.
- For the third generations from these groups their economic and educational capital is sufficient to ensure that they will get the best in terms of life chances.
Question 32.
In what ways are capitalism and colonialism interconnected? [4]
Answer:
- Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit within a market system.
- It is a dynamic and global system that emphasizes growth, expansion, innovation, and the utilization of technology and labor to maximize profits.
- Western colonialism and the growth of western capitalism are deeply interconnected.
- The dominance of capitalism led to the rise of nation-states as the prevailing political form.
- Western colonialism played a significant role in the expansion of western capitalism.
- The impact of Western colonialism on capitalism’s development in colonized countries, such as India, was long-lasting.
- The colonial powers imposed their economic and political systems on colonized nations, shaping the trajectory of capitalism in those regions.
- Colonialism allowed Western capitalists to exploit the resources, labor, and markets of the colonized countries for their own benefit.
- The effects of colonialism on capitalism in India included the extraction of wealth, the restructuring of local economies, and the imposition of unequal trade relationships.
- The legacy of colonialism continues to influence the development of capitalism in post-colonial countries, shaping economic policies and social structures.
Section – D (3 ×6=18 Marks)
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 33.
What does the bulge in the below-given population pyramid indicate? The bias towards younger age groups in age structure is believed to be an advantage for India. Explain. [6]
Answer:
The bulge in the middle age group indicates that the majority of Indians belong to the working population providing the opportunity called demographic dividend.
- The average age is also less than that of most other countries, thus the changing age structure could offer a demographic dividend for India.
- Thus, the dependency ratio provides the opportunity for economic growth.
- This dividend arises from the fact that the current generation of working-age people is relatively large and it has only a relatively small preceding generation of old people to support.
- This potential can be converted into actual growth with the increased level of education and employment.
Thus, these benefits have to be utilised through planned development.
Question 34.
“You would be more than aware of increasing urbanisation in India. Recent years of globalisation have led to enormous expansion and change of cities. In the 21st century, India will be witnessing fast pace of urbanisation with the ambitious scheme of ‘Smart City’ initiated by the Government of India. Writing on the different kinds of urbanisation witnesses in the first two decades after independence sociologist M.S.A. Rao argued that in India many villages all over India are becoming increasingly subject to the impact of urban influences. But the nature of urban impact varies according to the kind of relations a village has with a city or town. [6]
Based on the given passage, answer the following questions.
(A) What are some key factors contributing to the increasing urbanization in India in the 21st century?
(B) Explain how urbanization affects individuals.
Answer:
(i) Some key factors contributing to the increasing urbanisation in India in the 21st century include:
- Rapid population growth and demographic shifts
- Economic opportunities and employment prospects in urban areas
- Rural-urban migration driven by better living standards and improved infrastructure in cities
- Industrialisation and the growth of manufacturing and service sectors
- Infrastructure development and expansion of transportation networks
- Government initiatives promoting urbanisation, ch as the Smart Cities Mission
(ii) Villages in which a sizeable number, people have sought employment in far-off cities. They live there leaving behind the members of their families in their natal. Urban impact is to be seen in villages which are situated near an industrial town.
Question 35.
Explain Agrarian society in terms of class and caste. [6]
Answer:
In Agrarian society, class divisions are based on land ownership.
- Medium and large landowners earn substantial incomes from agricultural produce.
- Agricultural laborers, who do not own land, work in others’ lands and face job and income insecurity.
- Tenant cultivators lease land from landowners and often pay a significant portion of their income as rent.
- Caste also influences the class division in Agrarian society.
- Dominant castes, typically belonging to the upper castes, tend to be landowners and hold economic and social power.
- Menial or agricultural laborers predominantly come from lower castes, such as Scheduled Castes or Tribes (SC/STs) or Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
- Class is determined by access to land, resources, and the ability to profit from agricultural produce.
- Caste plays a significant role in determining one’s class and access to power and privilege.
- Caste-based systems like the halpati system in Gujarat and the jeeta system in Karnataka can lead to bonded labour and further reinforce class divisions based on caste.