Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions and marking scheme Set 7 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 7 with Solutions
Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 70
General Instructions:
- All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos. 1 -15 in Section A carry 1 mark each. You are expected to answer them as directed.
- Question Nos. 16-21 in Section B are very short answer type-I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos. 22-24 in Section C are short answer type-II questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos. 25 – 28 in Section D are long answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question Nos. 29-30 in Section E are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words.
- Question Nos. 31 – 34 in Section F are based on two cases given. Answer to each one-mark question should not exceed 20 words. Answer to each two-mark question should not exceed 30 words.
Section-A
Question 1.
Tarun group has won the election from his constituency. His opponent, Ramesh and his group, are weak, and too small in numbers Tarun often express frustration and negative attitude towards Ramesh group. This is known as: [1]
(A) Displacement
(B) Repression
(C) Regression
(D) Distortion
Answer:
(A) Displacement
Explanation:
Displacement is a defence mechanism that involves an individual transferring negative feelings from one person to another.
Question 2.
When people get obliged to return what they get is called …………. [1]
(A) Reciprocity
(B) Competition
(C) Reward Structure
(D) None of these
Answer:
(A) Reciprocity
Explanation:
Reciprocity involves making. Mutually beneficial exchange with other books.
Question 3.
Ritesh sees his parents achieve financial success through hard work. He considers his mother to be his role model. As a result, Ritesh develops a strong attitude towards success and hard work. [1]
(A) Learning attitude through exposure to information
(B) Learning attitude through observation
(C) Learning attitude through group of cultural norms.
(D) Learning attitude through reward and punishment.
Answer:
(B) Learning attitude through observation
Explanation:
Observational learning is the process of learning by watching the behaviours of others. Observational learning is most common in children as they united behaviours of adults.
Question 4.
The …………………. approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. [1]
(A) Triarchic
(B) Psychometric
(C) Primary Mental
(D) PASS Model
Answer:
(B) Psychometric
Explanation:
Psychometric approach expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.
Question 5.
Which of these is not a type of assessment method? [1]
(A) Case Study
(B) Observation
(C) Self-Report
(D) On-the-job training
Answer:
(D) On-the-job training
Explanation:
On-the-job training is a technique of imparting skill and is not an assessment method.
Question 6.
Assertion (A): Many of us drive ourselves ruthlessly Towards achieving unrealistic and high Standards in achieving our goals. This is the source of Psychological stress. [1]
Reason (R): Conflicts stem from beliefs based on exception from inside us to ourselves
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
Explanation:
Setting unrealistic goals and high standards for ourselves and exhausting our efforts and resources to try to achieve those goals is one of the leading cause of stress in an individual. Conflict exists when the reduction of one motivating stimulus involves an increase in another, so a new adjustment is required.
Question 7.
The coping strategies given by Endler and Parker are: [1]
(i) Take Oriented
(ii) Emotion Oriented
(iii) Avoidance Oriented
(iv) None of the above
(A) Only (i)
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(C) Only (iii)
(D) (iv)
Answer:
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Explanation:
A coping strategy is a characteristic manner of responding to stressful situations. According to Endler & Parker (1992) There are three basic coping styles: task-oriented coping, emotion oriented coping, and avoidance-oriented coping.
Question 8.
Ivaan reached the genital stage of psychosexual development. Which of the following is/are NOT TRUE about this stage? [1]
(i) Ivaan has attained maturity in psychosexual development.
(ii) This stage lasts from about seven years until puberty.
(iii) Physical growth continues and much of lvaan’s energy is channelled into social or achievement-related activities.
(iv) lvaan’s sexuality, fears and repressed feelings of earlier stages are once again exhibited in this stage.
(A) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(B) (ii)
(C) (ii) and (iii)
(D) (i) and (iii)
Answer:
(C) (ii) and (iii)
Explanation:
Genital stage does not last from seven years until puberty. During latency stage, physical growth continues in latency stage. This stage lasts from about seven years until puberty. During this period, the child continues to grow physically, but sexual urges are relatively inactive. Much of a child’s energy is channelled into social or achievement related activities.
Question 9.
The models of stress explain the body’s response to stress ……………… [1]
(A) Resilience
(B) GAS
(C) Sympathetic
(D) Alarm
Answer:
(D) Alarm
Explanation:
The GAS model or General Adaptation Syndrome model given by Hans Selye explains the effect of stress on the body. The model gives three stages that the body goes through, The alarm stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage.
Question 10.
Enhancement of people’s self-concept is possible by creating an atmosphere of …………….. [1]
(A) conditional positive regard
(B) unconditional positive regard
(C) unconditional and biased regard
(D) identity crisis
Answer:
(B) unconditional positive regard
Explanation:
Enhancement of people’s self-concept is possible by creating an environment of unconditional positive regard.
Question 11.
Archetypes can be found in ………………. [1]
(A) Conscious
(B) Preconscious
(C) Myths, dreams, arts and various traditions
(D) Sports-related activities and positive thinking
Answer:
(C) Myths, dreams, arts and various traditions
Explanation:
Archetypes are found in myths, dreams and arts and various traditions. These are not individually acquired, but are inherited.
Question 12.
It is the ……………… that are attacked by the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV), the virus causing Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). [1]
(A) B cells
(B) T-helper cells
(C) T cells
(D) natural killer cells
Answer:
(B) T-helper cells
Explanation:
It is these T-helper cells that are attacked by the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV), the virus causing Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Question 13.
Assertion (A): High stress too can produce unpleasant effects and cause our performance to deteriorate. [1]
Reason (R): Eustress always turns into distress and also produces unpleasant effects.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
Explanation:
High stress too can produce unpleasant effects and cause our performance to deteriorate. Eustress, however, has the potential of turning into ‘distress’ but not necessarily always.
Question 14.
Which of these is not a form of social support? [1]
(A) Informational
(B) Emotional
(C) Tangible
(D) Positive thinking
Answer:
(D) Positive thinking
Explanation:
Positive thinking is a factor that facilitates positive health but is not a form of social support.
Question 15.
Mood disorder in which mania and depression are alternatively present in known as: [1]
(A) Depression
(B) Anxiety
(C) Bipolar disorder
(D) Schizophrenia
Answer:
(C) Bipolar disorder
Explanation:
Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder that is characterised by episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. Depressive episodes may include symptoms such as extremely low energy, low motivation, anhedonia, etc. Manic episodes include symptoms such as impulsive behaviour, low need for sleep, and hyperactivity.
Section-B
Question 16.
Distinguish between social pressures and social stress. [2]
OR
List the features that characterize personality.
Answer:
People who place unreasonable demands on us cause social tensions. It is the tension that we create in our brain that is an internal cause of stress.
• Social stress is caused by our interactions with other individuals.
OR
Characteristics of personality are understood by three factors:
(1) consistency;
(2) stability;
(3) individual differences.
Individuals must exhibit behaviours associated with a personality feature that are largely consistent in different contexts. For instance, people are more likely to be lively at work if they are talkative at home.
Question 17.
What is Logotherapy? [2]
Answer:
Logotherapy is the type of psychotherapy proposed by Victor Frankl that primarily focuses on helping the client find the personal meaning in life. Frankl strongly believed that humans are motivated and have a desire to find meaning in life. He stated that a person’s life can have meaning even in the most hopeless and depressing circumstances and that the motivation for living and surviving comes from finding that meaning.
Question 18.
What is cognitive dissonance? Give examples. [2]
Answer:
Cognitive dissonance is a phenomenon that occurs when there is in-congruency between a person’s true beliefs and actions. It is a type of mental conflict where a person holds two contradictory beliefs at the same time. Cognitive dissonance causes a lot of tension and stress in a person.
Example: Some people who view themselves as animal lovers, may like to eat meat and also feel uncomfortable when they think about where their meat comes from.
Question 19.
What is meant by compliance? Give examples. [2]
Answer:
Compliance refers to an act of accepting or responding favourably to the requests of other people. It refers to changing one’s behaviour at the request of another person and submitting to their wishes or demands. There are many different situations in which compliance comes into play, for example: Buying a product because a salesperson makes a pitch for the product and then asks you to make a purchase.
Question 20.
A client experiences irrational thoughts that are self-defeating in nature. Suggest a suitable therapy that will help her/him to reduce her/his distress. Also provide the rationale for selecting this therapy. [2]
Answer:
• Cognitive therapy
• Rationale– faulty or irrational thoughts
Question 21.
Discuss how attitudes are learnt through exposure to information. [2]
Answer:
In today’s world an individual is exposed to a lot of information with the help of the media, so a negative or positive attitude is formed on the information provided. By reading the biographies of self-actualised persons, an individual may develop a positive attitude towards hard work and other aspects for achieving success in life.
Section-C
Question 22.
Kirti is of average intelligence but is high on ability to appraise, express and regulate her emotions. Identify the intelligence that she exhibits and why it is receiving so much attention these days. Suggest some ways to enhance this kind of intelligence in students in schools.
OR
Vinita holds a negative attitude towards individuals of a particular community. She avoids interacting or helping them in college. Identify and explain the behaviour being exhibited by Vinita. [3 ]
Answer:
- Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
- Receiving attention at it assists pupils in dealing with the difficulties and hardships of the outside world; it also boosts their academic performance. Reduces anti-social behaviour.
- Ways: School programs that encourage cooperative behaviour.
OR
- Discrimination
- The behavioural component of prejudice, discrimination, occurs when people behave less favorably towards one particular target group as compared to another group that they like.
Question 23.
An attitude towards recycling and reuse needs to be encouraged to conserve the environment. Examine the factors that will influence attitude change towards this. [3 ]
Answer:
Factors that influence Attitude Change (explanation of any 3 points)
- Characteristics of the existing attitude: The following are the variables affecting attitude: Prejudices. One’s own experience. Media. Institutions for Learning and Worship
- Source characteristics: Expertise, dependability, and sexual allure or appeal among others are the main source attributes.
- Message characteristics: Persuasion is influenced by the message’s nature. Sometimes it’s helpful to provide all sides of a story to help shift perceptions.
- Target characteristics: These qualities describe the individual who receives and interprets messages. Intelligence is one such quality.
Question 24.
An individual’s attitude may not always be exhibited through behaviour. When would there be consistency between attitude and behaviour? Explain. [3]
Answer:
Psychologists have found that there would be consistency between attitudes and behaviour when : (any three of the following points)
- The attitude is strong, and occupies a central place in the attitude system
- There is very little or no external pressure for the person to behave in a particular way. For example, when there is no group pressure to follow a particular norm
- The person’s behaviour is not being watched or evaluated by others
- The person thinks that the behaviour would have a positive consequence, and therefore, intends to engage in that behaviour.
Section-D
Question 25.
Robin is terribly afraid of snakes. His phobia has made him so dysfunctional that he had to take a long leave from his job at the local zoo. This happened when he heard that a new snake enclosure would soon open. Identify the therapeutic technique that would help Robin deal with this problem and explain its process. [4]
Answer:
“Systematic desensitisation” is a treatment strategy that might assist Robin in dealing with this issue.
- Creating a hierarchy
- Procedure for relaxation
- Consider the least stressful condition to the most stressful situation.
- The reciprocal inhibition principle.
Question 26.
Mother Teresa believed that she had a mission to fulfil and did what came natural to her, loving others and serving them. Identify the trait being referred here by Gordon Allport and how it affects a person’s behaviour. Distinguish it from other traits given by him. [4]
Answer:
Traits being referred to here are Cardinal traits
- They are highly generalised dispositions. They indicate the goal around which a person’s entire life seems to revolve. In this case Mother Teresa’s helping and loving nature could be seen in her work and all other areas.
- Other traits proposed by Allport are Central traits (explain)
- Secondary traits (explain)
Question 27.
Explain the relationship between creativity and intelligence. State the important features of creativity tests. [4]
Answer:
All creative people are intelligent Creativity and intelligence are positively correlated. All intelligent people may not be creative. Positive correlations exist between intellect and creativity. All creative endeavors require a bare minimum of learning, comprehension, and retention skills. Both intelligence and creativity are by products of environment and inheritance. The ability to develop one’s potential is influenced by environment and heredity. Researchers have also discovered that children with medium intellect as well as children with high intelligence may exhibit both high and low levels of creativity. Second parts of the questions Imagination, Spontaneity. They are open-ended, Focus on divergent thinking, No right or wrong answers, Originality. (any two points from above)
Question 28.
Usha is 20 years old and is mentally ill. Her parents have decided to send her to the rehabilitation of the mentally ill for her betterment because they are tired of finding the solution to her problem. Analyse the benefits as well as the services provided by the rehabilitation of the mentally ill.
OR
A group of youngsters, working in a private firm are going through psychological distress due to the work load. Identify and explain the four factors which contribute to treatment of psychological distress. [4]
Answer:
The aim during the treatment of psychological disorders is to reduce the symptoms and improve the functioning or quality of life. Rehabilitation is required to help patients to become self-sufficient. In rehabilitation, the patients are given occupational therapy, social skills training and vocational therapy. In occupational therapy, the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper bag making and weaving to help them to form a work discipline. Social skills training helps the patients to develop interpersonal skills through role-play, imitation and instruction. The objective is to teach the patient to function in a social group. Cognitive retraining is given to improve the basic cognitive functions of attention, memory and executive functions. After the patient improves sufficiently, vocational training is given wherein the patient is helped to gain skills to undertake productive employment.
OR
Treatment of psychological distress
1. Techniques adopted by the therapist and the implementation of the same.
2. The therapeutic alliance.
3. Unburdening of the emotional problems. (catharsis)
4. Non-specific factors attributable to the client/patient. (patient –variables) and attributable to the therapist (therapist–variables)
OR
any relevant example i.e. relaxation procedure and cognitive restructuring
Section-E
Question 29.
How does behavioural analysis help us in assessing personality? Explain any two methods of behavioural analysis with their limitations
OR
Discuss the observation methods used in personality assessment. What problems are faced in using this method? [6]
Answer:
Interview: Interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality. This involves talking to the person being assessed and asking specific questions. Diagnostic interviewing generally involves in-depth interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies given by the person. Interviews may be structured or unstructured depending on the purpose or goals of assessment. In unstructured interviews.
Observation: Use of Observation for a personality assessment is a sophisticated procedure that cannot be carried out by untrained people. It requires careful training of the observer and fairly detailed guidelines to carry out analysis to use observations to assess personality.
Behavioural Ratings: Behavioural ratings are frequently used for personality assessment of individuals in an educational or industrial setting. Behavioural ratings are generally taken from the people who know the assessee intimately and have interacted over a period of time. In order to use ratings the traits should be clearly defined in terms of carefully stated behavioural anchors.
Nominations: in this method people in a group who know each other for a long period are asked to nominate another person from the group with whom they would like to work/ play/do some activity. Then they are asked to state the reason why they have nominated that person.
Situational tests: A variety of situational tests have been devised for the assessment of personality. Most commonly used test is –Situational Stress test. It provides us information on how a person behaves under stressful conditions. In performing this test, the person is given a task under a stressful environment, where others are instructed not to provide any support and act non-cooperative. This is kind of role playing. The subject is observed and a report is prepared.
OR
Observational method is a very powerful tool of psychological enquiry. It is an effective method of describing behaviour. A scientific observation differs from day-to-day observation in many respects:
(i) Selection: Psychologists do not observe all the behaviour that they encounter. Rather, they select a particular behaviour for observation.
(ii) Recording: While observing, a researcher records the selected behaviour using different means, such as marking tallies for the already identified behaviour whenever they occur, taking notes describing each activity in greater detail using shorthand or symbols, photographs, video recording, etc.
(iii) After the observations have been made, psychologists analyse whatever they have recorded with a view to derive some meaning out of it.
(iv) Observation is a skill. A good observation is a skill. A good observer knows what he/she is looking for, whom he/she wants to observe, when and where the observation needs to be made.
Observation can be of the following types:
Non- Participant vs. Participant Observation:
1. Non-participant observation
(i) To observe the person or event from a distance.
(ii) The observer may become part of the group being observed.
(iii) In the first case, the person being observed may not be aware that he/she is being observed.
For example, you want to observe the pattern of interaction between teachers and students in a particular class. Install a video camera to record the classroom activities, which you can see later and analyse. Alternatively, you may decide to sit in a corner of the class without interfering or participating in their everyday activities. This type of observation is called non-participant observation.
2. Participant observation
(i) In participant observation, the observer becomes a part of the school or the group of people being observed.
(ii) The observer takes some time to establish a rapport with the group so that they start accepting him/her as one of the group members.
(iii) The degree of involvement of the observer with the group being observed would vary depending upon the focus of the study.
The advantage of the observation method is that it enables the researcher to study people and their behaviour in a naturalistic situation, as it occurs. However, the observation method is labour-intensive, time-consuming, and is susceptible to the observer’s bias. Our observation is influenced by our values and beliefs about the person or the event.
Question 30.
Explain abnormality. Trace a brief history of how our understanding of psychological disorders has evolved to its current status
OR
Explain the different psychological models used to explain abnormal behaviour. [6]
Answer:
In Psychological models maintain that psychological and interpersonal factors have a significant role top lining abnormal behaviour. These factors include:
(i) Maternal deprivation (separation from the mother, or lack of warmth and stimulation during early years of life).
(ii) Faulty parent-child relationships (rejection, over-protection, over-permissiveness, faulty discipline, etc.)
(iii) Maladaptive family structures (inadequate or disturbed family) and severe stress. The psychological models include the psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive, and humanistic-existential models.
(a) The Psychodynamic Model: This model is the oldest and most famous of the modern psychological-models. Abnormal behaviour is viewed as the result of intrapsychic conflicts.
1. This model was first formulated by Freud.
2. Abnormal behaviour is a symbolic expression of unconscious mental conflicts that can be generally traced to early childhood or infancy.
(b) The Behavioural Model: This model states that both normal and abnormal behaviours are learned and psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving. The model concentrates on behaviours that are learned through conditioning and propose that what has been learned can be unlearned. Learning can take place by classical conditioning (temporal association in which two events repeatedly occur close together in time), operant conditioning (behaviour is followed by a reward), and social learning (learning by imitating others’ behaviour). These three types of conditioning account for behaviour, whether adaptive or maladaptive.
(c) The Cognitive Model: This model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems like negative thinking and irrational behaviour. People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate. People may also repeatedly think illogical ways and make over generalizations. They may draw broad, negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.
(d) The Humanistic-Existential Model: Humanists believe that human being born with a natural tendency to be friendly, co-operative and constructive, and are driven to self-actualize, i.e., to fulfil this potential for goodness and growth. Existentialists believe that from birth we have total freedom to give meaning to our existence or to avoid that responsibility. Those who shirk from this responsibility would live empty, inauthentic and dysfunctional lives. According to humanists, obstacles in self actualization cause mental disorder.
Section-F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Raj has been studying for his final examination which is going to take place tomorrow morning. He studies till 1 a.m. at the night. Unable to concentrate anymore, he sets the alarm for 6 a.m. and tries to go off to sleep. As he is very tense, he keeps tossing and turning in bed. Images flash through his mind of not being able to secure the marks he needs to opt for the subjects of his choice. He blames himself for fooling around with his friends and not preparing thoroughly for the examination. In the morning he wakes up with a heavy head, misses breakfast, and barely makes it in time to school for his examination. He opens the question paper, his heart pounding, hands clammy with sweat and then he feels his mind has gone completely blank.
Question 31.
Name the psychological symptoms of stress faced by Raj. [1]
Answer:
Unable to sleep, Headache, Lack of appetite, Palpitation, and Sweating are some of the symptoms faced by Raj.
Question 32.
Understanding the situation of Rajs how will you explain the examination anxiety? [2]
Answer:
Examination anxiety is a fairly common phenomenon that involves feelings of tension or uneasiness that occur before, during, or after an examination. This can be defined with the symptoms of palpitation, sweating, not eating or sleeping properly, etc.
Read the case given below carefully and answer the following questions:
Mark was a 28-year-old single male, when he entered for the treatment, suffered from severe obsessive thoughts and images about causing harm to others such as running over pedestrians while he was driving. He also had severe obsessions that he would commit a crime such as robbing a store or poisoning family members or friends. These obsessions were accompanied by lengthy and excessive checking rituals. For example, one day when he drove, he began obsessing that he had caused an accident and hit a pedestrian at an intersection, and he felt compelled to spend several hours driving and walking around all parts of that intersection to find evidence of the accident. At the time Mark went to an anxiety disorder clinic, he was no longer able to live by himself after having lived alone for several years since college. He was a very bright young man with considerable artistic talent. He had finished college at a prestigious school for the arts and had launched a successful career as a young artist when the obsession began in his early 20s. At first, they were focused on the possibility that he would be implicated in some crime that he had committed; later, they evolved to the point where he was afraid that he might actually commit a crime and confess to it. The checking rituals and avoidance of all places where such confessions might occur eventually led to him having to give up his career and his own apartment and move back in with his family.
Answer the questions given below based on the case.
Question 33.
How did Mark’s obsessive thoughts and checking rituals affect his career and living situation? [1]
Answer:
Mark’s obsessive thoughts and checking rituals led to the deterioration of his career as a young artist and his ability to live independently. These obsessions forced him to abandon his successful art career and his independent living, compelling him to move back in with his family for support.
Question 34.
What symptoms of obsession and compulsion were in Mark? [2]
Answer:
Mark had severe obsessive thoughts and images about causing harm to others such as running over pedestrians while he was driving. He also had severe obsessions that he would commit a crime such as robbing a store or poisoning family members or friends. These obsessions were accompanied by lengthy and excessive checking rituals. For example, one day when he drove, he began obsessing that he had caused an accident and hit a pedestrian at an intersection, and he felt compelled to spend several hours driving and walking around all parts of that intersection to find evidence of the accident.