Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology with Solutions and marking scheme Set 7 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 7 with Solutions
Time Allowed:- 3 hours
Maximum Marks:- 80
General Instructions:
- The question paper is divided into four sections.
- There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
- Section A includes question no. 1-16. These are MCQ-type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
- Section B includes question no. 17-25. These are Very Short Answer-type questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Section C includes question no. 26-32. They are Short Answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
- Section D includes question no. 33-35. They are Long Answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words each.
- Question no. 33 is to be answered with the help of the given graphics. Question no. 34 is to be answered with the help of the given passage.
Section-A (16×1=16 Marks)
Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Assertion (A): Unlike the death rate, the birth rate has not registered a sharp fall. [1]
Reason (R): By and large, increased levels of prosperity exert a strong downward pull on the birth rate.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.+ +
(D) A is false and R is true.
Answer:
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The birth rate has not registered a sharp fall because the birth rate is a socio-cultural phenomenon that is relatively slow to change.
Question 2.
The family structure where property is passed from mother to daughter is known as: [1]
(A) Matriarchy
(B) Matriliny
(C) Female-headed family
(D) Matrilocal
Answer:
(B) Matriliny
Explanation: According to the rule of inheritance matrilineal societies pass on property from mother to daughter.
Question 3.
Assertion (A): Family a site of bitter conflicts, injustice and violence. [1]
Reason (R): The family is a space of great warmth and care with stories of compassion, sacrifice and care.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true
Answer:
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Family is a site of conflict, injustice and violence because female infanticide, violent conflicts between brothers over property and ugly legal disputes are a part of family and kinship as social institutions.
Question 4.
Women are also emerging as the main source of agricultural labour leading to ___________ labour force. [1]
(A) Feminisation of agriculture
(B) Womanisation of agriculture
(C) Reformation of agriculture
(D) Restoration of agriculture
Answer:
(A) Feminisation of agriculture
Explanation: The agricultural labour force is experiencing a significant shift with the increasing participation of women, giving rise to what is known as the ‘feminization of agricultural labour.’
Question 5.
Assertion(A): Tribes are pristine societies uncontaminated by civilisation: [1]
Reason(R): Tribes should really be seen as “secondary” phenomena arising out of the exploitative and colonialist contact between pre-existing states and non-state groups like the tribals.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.
Answer:
(D) A is false and R is true.
Explanation: During the 1970s, there was a critical examination of the definitions of tribes, which revealed their inherent flaws and limitations. This led to the recognition of certain significant aspects related to tribes, such as: Absorption into Hindu Society: Tribes experienced processes like Sanskritisation, acculturation, and cultural exchange, which resulted in their assimilation into the larger Hindu society.
This integration was influenced by both political and exploitative factors. Challenging the notion of pristineness: It was argued that tribes cannot be considered as inherently “pristine” or untouched by outside influences. Instead, they were seen as “secondary” phenomena that emerged due to the historical contact and interactions between state societies and non-state tribal communities. These insights helped in redefining our understanding of tribes and highlighted the complexities of their social, cultural, and historical dynamics.
Question 6.
Which of the following is not a reason for agrarian distress? [1]
(A) Changed cropping pattern
(B) Changing patterns of landholdings
(C) Heavy migration to cities
(D) Shift to cash crops
Answer:
(C) Heavy migration to cities
Explanation:
- Farmers’ suicides since 1997-98 can be attributed to agrarian distress.
- Structural changes in agriculture and economic policies contribute to this distress.
- Changed pattern of landholdings affects farmers’ livelihoods.
- Shift to cash crops leads to changing cropping patterns.
- Liberalisation policies expose Indian agriculture to global forces.
- Heavy dependence on high-cost inputs creates financial burdens for farmers.
- Withdrawal of the State from agricultural extension activities impacts farmers’ access to support.
- Decline in state support for agriculture adds to the challenges faced by farmers.
- Individualisation of agricultural operations further intensifies the pressures on farmers.
Question 7.
Which of the following is not a result of contract farming? [1]
(A) It disengages many people from the production process.
(B) Makes their own indigenous knowledge of agriculture irrelevant.
(C) It is ecologically sustainable.
(D) Caters primarily to the production of elite items.
Answer:
(C) It is ecologically sustainable.
Explanation:
Contract farming leads to:
(a) Disengagement of people from the production process.
(b) Making of own indigenous knowledge of agriculture irrelevant.
(c) Focusing primarily on the production of elite items.
Question 8.
The challenge is in reinvigorating India ‘s commitment to practices. [1]
(A) Pluralism
(B) Institutional accommodation
(C) Conflict resolution through democratic means
(D) All of these
Answer:
(D) All of these
Explanation: To foster a vibrant and inclusive democracy in India, it is essential to recommit to principles of pluralism, institutional accommodation, and conflict resolution through democratic processes. A key aspect of building a multicultural democracy lies in acknowledging the limitations of past nationbuilding endeavors and embracing the advantages of diverse and harmonious identities.
Question 9.
Stereotypes fix whole groups into single, ____________ categories; they refuse to recognise the ____________ across individuals and across contexts or across time. [1]
(A) homogenous, variation
(B) heterogenous, similarities
(C) broad, similarities
(D) diverse, similarities
Answer:
(A) homogenous, variation
Explanation: Stereotypes treat an entire community as though it were a single person with a single allencompassing trait or characteristic.
Question 10.
India’s industrial growth has had a significant impact on society in terms of: [1]
(A) Creating employment opportunities and reducing poverty.
(B) Widening income inequality and increasing social unrest.
(C) Promoting sustainable development and environmental conservation.
(D) Reducing dependence on agriculture and promoting rural development.
Answer:
(B) Widening income inequality and increasing social unrest
Explanation: India’s industrial growth has brought both positive and negative impacts on society. While it has created employment opportunities and contributed to economic growth, it has also led to widening income inequality and social unrest. Rapid industrialization has often resulted in unequal distribution of wealth and resources, leading to social tensions and protests. Therefore, option (B) is the correct answer as it accurately reflects the negative consequences of industrial growth on society in India.
Question 11.
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded. [1]
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.
Answer:
(D) A is false and R is true.
Explanation: Social exclusion is an involuntary phenomenon as it occurs irrespective of the desires or preferences of the individuals who experience it.
Question 12.
With the growth of the _________________ movement in the 20th century, there was an attempt in several Indian languages to drop Sanskriti words and phrases. [1]
(A) Brahmanical
(B) Anti-Brahmanical
(C) Women’s
(D) Tribal
Answer:
(B) Anti-Brahmanical
Explanation: With the growth of the AntiBrahmanical movement and the development of regional self-consciousness in the twentieth century there was an attempt in several Indian languages to drop Sanskrit words and phrases.
Question 13.
The IT revolution in India has had a profound impact on various sectors. Which of the following statements accurately reflects a significant challenge posed by the IT revolution? [1]
(A) The IT revolution has eliminated all forms of unemployment and created an abundance of high-paying jobs.
(B) The IT revolution has led to a digital divide, exacerbating existing inequalities in access to technology and information.
(C) The IT revolution has completely replaced traditional industries, leading to the decline of the manufacturing sector.
(D) The IT revolution has had no impact on the social and cultural fabric of Indian society.
Answer:
(B) The IT revolution has led to a digital divide, exacerbating existing inequalities in access to technology and information.
Explanation: The IT revolution has led to a digital divide, where disparities in access to technology and information have widened existing inequalities, particularly affecting marginalized and underserved populations.
Question 14.
Which of the following does not stand for secularism? [1]
(A) Separation of state and church
(B) Not favouring a particular religion over the others
(C) Progressive retreat of religion from the public life
(D) Religious identity overriding everything else
Answer:
(D) Religious identity overriding everything else
Explanation: Religious identity overriding every other identity is a feature of communalism and not secularism.
Question 15.
The Green Revolution in India had both positive and negative consequences. Which of the following statements accurately reflects a negative consequence of the Green Revolution? [1]
(A) The Green Revolution led to a significant reduction in poverty and inequality in rural areas.
(B) The Green Revolution caused the depletion of groundwater resources and increased water scarcity.
(C) The Green Revolution resulted in the preservation of traditional agricultural practices and biodiversity.
(D) The Green Revolution had no impact on agricultural productivity and food security.
Answer:
The Green Revolution caused the depletion of groundwater resources and increased water scarcity.
Explanation: The Green Revolution, while contributing to increased agricultural productivity and food production, also had negative consequences. Option (A) is incorrect as the Green Revolution did not necessarily lead to a significant reduction in poverty and inequality in rural areas, as benefits were not evenly distributed.
Option (C) is incorrect as the Green Revolution promoted the use of high-yield crop varieties and chemical inputs, which often resulted in the loss of traditional agricultural practices and reduced biodiversity.
Option (D) is incorrect as the Green Revolution played a crucial role in improving agricultural productivity and enhancing food security.
The correct answer is option (B) – the Green Revolution caused the depletion of groundwater resources and increased water scarcity, primarily due to increased irrigation demands and reliance on unsustainable water extraction practices.
Question 16.
Which of the following statements accurately explains the concept of “jati” within the caste system in India? [1]
(A) Jati refers to the division of society into four main varnas or castes.
(B) Jati refers to the practice of untouchability towards certain lower castes.
(C) Jati refers to the occupational subgroups within each caste.
(D) Jati refers to the process of social mobility and upward caste movement.
Answer:
(C) Jati refers to the occupational subgroups within each caste.
Explanation: In the caste system of India, jati refers to the occupational subgroups within each caste. Each jati is associated with a specific occupation or profession, and individuals are traditionally expected to follow the occupation of their jati. Jatiscan have their own distinct customs, traditions, and rules regarding social interactions and marriage.
Section – B (9×2=18 Marks)
Very Short Answer Questions
Question 17.
New ideas of liberalism and freedom, new ideas of homemaking and marriage, new roles for mothers and daughters, new ideas of self-conscious pride in culture and tradition emerged. The value of education became very important. It was seen as very crucial for a nation to become modern but also retain its ancient heritage. The idea of female education was debated intensely. Significantly, it was the social reformer Jyotiba Phule who opened the first school for women in Pune. Reformers argued that for a society to progress women have to be educated. Some of them believed that in pre-modern India, women were educated. Others contested this on the grounds that this was so only of a privileged few. Thus, attempts to justify female education were made by recourse to both modern and traditional ideas.
Based on the passage, answer the following question.
Who among the historical figures expressed admiration for the pre-Aryan age and who emphasised the significance of the Aryan period? Additionally, what notable contributions did they make toward the advancement of women in Pune? [2]
OR
“The harsh working conditions suffered by labourers in Bhagan Bigha were an outcome of the combined effect of the economic power of the Maliks as a class and their overwhelming power as members of a dominant caste. A significant aspect of the social power of the Maliks was their ability to secure the intervention of various arms of the state to advance their interests. Thus, political factors decisively contributed to widening the gulf between the dominant class and the underclass.”
Based on the passage, answer the following question.
What factors enabled the Maliks to leverage the power of the state for their own benefit?
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule recalled the glory of the pre-Aryan age and Bal Gangadhar Tilak emphasised the glory of the Aryan period. He opened the first school for women in Pune.
OR
(i) The maliks being dominant caste were very powerful politically, economically and socially.
(ii) Because of power they were able to use the power of state for their vested interests.
(iii) They were successfully able to secure the intervention of various arms of the state for their own benefit.
Question 18.
Write a short note on Bhoodan movement. [2]
Answer:
(i) The Bhoodan movement refers to land gifting movement.
(ii) It is a voluntary land reform movement.
(iii) The movement persuaded landowners to voluntarily donate the land to the landless people.
(iv) The movement was started by Vinoba Bhave in 1951.
Question 19.
What is the difference between assimilationist and integrationist policies?
Answer:
Assimilationist policies aim to enforce the dominant culture and encourage minority groups to adopt the language, customs, and values of the majority. The goal is to create a homogeneous society where cultural differences are minimized. On the other hand, integrationist policies emphasize maintaining diversity while promoting equal opportunities and social cohesion. These policies encourage minority groups to participate fully in society while preserving their cultural identity.
Question 20.
“The Industrial Society is characterised by alienation. “How? [2]
Answer:
Alienation’ was coined by Karl Marx; it is a concept wherein people are unable to enjoy their work as the work is often repetitive and exhaustive. People are unable to enjoy work and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive.
Question 21.
Briefly mention Gandhiji’s take on machinery. [2]
Answer:
• Gandhiji was not against machinery but, against the craze for machinery.
• Machinery saves time and labour. However, it deprives people of their jobs and leads to starvation.
• Therefore, Gandhiji opined that machinery should save time and labour for all and accumulation of wealth for all and not in the hands of a few.
• He suggested the use of the spinning wheel to end exploitation and unemployment.
• Both Marx and Mahatma Gandhi saw mechanisation as a danger to employment.
Question 22.
Explain the sociological sense of minority. [2]
Answer:
In the sociological context, the term “minority” refers to a group of individuals who share a sense of collective identity, exhibiting a feeling of solidarity, togetherness, and belonging. This collective identity is often intertwined with experiences of disadvantage, as the members of the minority group commonly face prejudice and discrimination. These experiences tend to strengthen the bonds within the group, fostering a heightened sense of intra-group loyalty and shared interests.
Question 23.
What are the issues associated with labeling a group of people as “lazy” or “cunning”? [2]
Answer:
Prejudice refers to the preconceived notions, biases, or judgments held by individuals or groups against others based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other social attributes. Prejudice often leads to the formation of stereotypes, which are generalizations or oversimplified beliefs about a particular group of people. Stereotypes, by their nature, tend to ignore the diversity and individuality within a group and instead portray the entire group as homogenous.
Question 24.
What was unique about the social reform movements of the 19th century? [2]
Answer:
During this transformative period, fresh concepts of liberalism and freedom emerged, along with innovative notions surrounding homemaking, marriage, and the roles of mothers and daughters. Additionally, a sense of self-conscious pride in culture and tradition began to take shape. Education gained immense significance, as it was perceived as a vital component for a nation’s modernization while also preserving its ancient heritage.
Question 25.
Tribal belt is formed among Santhals, Hos, Oraons, Mundas in Chota Nagpur and the Santhal Parganas, constitute Jharkhand. Jharkhand formed from resistance. Birsa Munda was an Adivasi who led a major uprising against the British. Christian missionaries and literacy helped in unified ethnic consciousness and a shared identity Jharkhandis. Common hatred for dikus- migrant traders and moneylenders who settled and grabbed its wealth, impoverishing the original residents. One of the key issues that bind tribal movements from different parts of the country is the alienation of tribals from forest lands. Combination of old and new social movements- economic and cultural issues.
Read the above passage and Explain the reasons for the Tribal Movement in Jharkhand? [2]
OR
What helped in creating a unified ethnic consciousness and a shared identity as “Jharkhandis”?
Answer:
(i) Acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges.
(ii) Survey and settlement operations, which were held up.
(iii) Collection of loans, rent and cooperative dues, which were resisted.
(iv) Nationalisation of forest produce which they boycotted.
OR
Christian missionaries spread literacy in South Bihar. Literate adivasis began to research and write about their history and myths, documented and disseminated information about tribal customs and cultural practices. This helped create a unified ethnic consciousness and a shared identity as Jharkhandis.
Section – C (7×4=28 Marks)
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 26.
“The more mechanised an industry gets; the fewer people are employed.” Explain with a suitable example. [4]
OR
“Mahatma Gandhi saw mechanisation as a danger to employment.” Explain.
Answer:
- Impact of Machinery on Workers: The introduction of machinery has posed challenges for workers.
- Transition from Cottage Industry: The example of a cottage industry illustrates the shift from manual labor to machine-based production.
- Efficiency and Speed: Machines outperform human labor in terms of speed and productivity, allowing for faster and cost-effective production.
- Job Displacement: As the work shifted to machines, thousands of workers in the cottage industry had to find new occupations, resulting in increased unemployment.
- Incompatibility of Human Labor: Human labor cannot match the pace and efficiency of machines, leading to the constant replacement of humans by automated technology.
- Unmatched Speed: The unmatched speed and capabilities of mechanical technology often discourage human workers, causing them to give up on certain jobs.
- Conclusion: The advent of machinery has brought both benefits and challenges, including increased efficiency and productivity but also job displacement and unemployment due to the unmatched speed and efficiency of machines compared to human labour.
OR
- Gandhi’s Opposition to Heavy Machinery: Mahatma Gandhi expressed disapproval of the extensive use of machinery.
- Advocacy for Labor-oriented Industries: Gandhi believed in the establishment of labor-oriented modern industries in India.
- Distinction: Gandhiji’s objection was not against machinery itself, but against the excessive enthusiasm for it.
- Benefits of Machinery: Gandhi acknowledged that machinery saves time and labor.
- Negative Consequences: However, he recognized that machinery could lead to job deprivation and starvation.
- Equal Distribution of Benefits: Gandhi emphasized the importance of machinery benefiting all members of society and not just a few, aiming for wealth accumulation for the collective.
- Solution: To address exploitation and unemployment, Gandhiji proposed the use of the spinning wheel, promoting self-sufficiency and employment opportunities.
- Similar Views with Marx: Both Karl Marx and Mahatma Gandhi shared concerns about the impact of mechanization on employment, seeing it as a potential danger.
Question 27.
What are the factors that contribute to the emergence and success of social movements? [4]
Answer:
There are three theories on social movement.
- According to the Theory of Relative Deprivation, social movement results from social conflict. Groups of people feel resentment and rage as they feel deprived of access to resources. However, it is criticised that a sense of deprivation alone cannot lead to social movement.
- In the Theory of Collective Action, Mancur Olson opines that a social movement is an aggregation of rational individual actors pursuing their self-interest. His theory is based on the notion of the rational, utility-maximising individuals. That is, a person participates in a social movement only if one gains something and if the risks are less than the gains.
- Resource Mobilisation Theory was proposed by McCarthy and Zald, who said that social movement’s success depends on its ability to mobilise resources or means of different sorts. Resources such as leadership, organisational capacity and communication facilities, when used within the available political opportunity structure, it is more likely to be effective.
Question 28.
In what ways did colonialism shape the development of capitalism in the colonized regions? [4]
Answer:
- Capitalism: An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit within a market framework.
- Growth and Global Nature: Capitalism is dynamic and global, with a focus on growth, expansion, innovation, and the utilization of technology and labor to maximize profits.
- Connection to Western Colonialism: Western colonialism and the growth of Western capitalism were closely intertwined, as colonial powers sought to exploit resources and establish markets for their industries.
- Dominance of Nation-States: As capitalism became the dominant economic system, nation-states emerged as the dominant political form.
- Lasting Impact on Colonized Countries: Western colonialism had a profound and lasting impact on the development of capitalism in colonized countries like India.
- Influence on Capitalist Development: The legacy of colonialism shaped the trajectory of capitalism in colonized nations, influencing factors such as economic structures, resource exploitation, and market dynamics.
- Unequal Power Relations: The relationship between colonizers and colonized often involved unequal power dynamics, leading to the extraction of resources and the concentration of wealth in the colonizer’s hands.
- Socioeconomic Consequences: The impact of colonialism on capitalist development in colonized countries like India included disparities in wealth, uneven industrialization, and ongoing socioeconomic challenges.
Question 29.
How did early sociologists perceive industrialisation? [4]
Answer:
- Association with Industry: Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim associated various social features with industrialization.
- Urbanization and Loss of Face-to-Face Relationships: Industrialization led to urbanization and a shift from personal, face-to-face relationships to anonymous professional relationships in modern factories and workplaces.
- Rural vs. Industrial Areas: In rural areas, people had closer, face-to-face relationships and worked on their own farms or for familiar landlords.
- Detailed Division of Labor: Industrialization introduced a detailed division of labor, where individuals often only worked on one small part of a product and didn’t see the end result.
- Lack of Connection to Work: The repetitive and exhausting nature of industrial work often resulted in a sense of alienation, where people viewed work as a means of survival rather than finding enjoyment or fulfillment.
- Dependence on Technology: The availability of human labor in industrial settings became dependent on the extent to which technology could accommodate it.
- Alienation and Survival: Marx used the term “alienation” to describe the situation where people viewed work as a necessary means of survival rather than a source of satisfaction or purpose.
Question 30.
What is the difference between a strike and a lockout? Discuss the famous strike of Bombay Textile Mills in 1982. [4]
Answer:
- Purpose of a Strike: The primary objective of a strike is to compel an employer to agree to favorable terms and conditions of employment as demanded by the workers or their union.
- Purpose of a Lockout: Conversely, a lockout is initiated by the employer with the intention of exerting pressure on the employees and their union to agree to certain terms or concessions.
- Impact on Employer’s Business: Both strikes and lockouts have a similar practical result, which is the disruption of the employer’s business operations.
- Withdrawal of Labor: A strike involves an organized and united withdrawal of the labor supply by the workers, aiming to create a significant impact on the employer’s operations.
- Withholding the Demand for Labor: In contrast, a lockout involves the employer withholding the demand for labor, preventing employees from working until certain conditions are met.
- The Great Bombay Textile Strike: The Great Bombay Textile Strike occurred on January 18, 1982, when the mill workers of Mumbai, led by trade union leader Dutta Samant, initiated a textile strike.
- Workers’ Demands: The workers were demanding better wages and the right to form their own union to represent their interests.
- Approval of Unions: Under the Bombay Industrial Relations Act (BIRA), a union was required to obtain approval. However, approval was contingent on the union relinquishing the idea of strikes.
Question 31.
Discuss the significant developments and debates surrounding women’s education in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:
(i)The idea of female education was debated Social reformer Jyotiba Phule opened the first school for women in Pune.
(ii) Reformers argued that women’s education is important for the society to progress leading to the justifications of the thoughts based on the modern and traditional ideas.
(iii) Jyotiba Phule recalled the glory of the pre-Aryan age while Bal Gangadhar Tilak emphasized the glory of the Aryan period.
(iv) 19th century reform was a period of questioning, reinterpretations, and intellectual and social growth.
Question 32.
How did the declaration of the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress (INC) demonstrate its commitment to women’s equality? [4]
Answer:
In 1931, the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress declared the Fundamental Rights of Citizenship in India whereby it committed itself to women’s equality.
The declaration reads as follows:
(i) All citizens are equal before the law, irrespective of religion, caste, creed or sex.
(ii) No disability attaches to any citizen, by reason of his or her religion, caste, creed or sex, in regard to public employment, office of power or honour, and in the exercise of any trade or calling.
(iii) The franchise shall be on the basis of universal adult suffrage.
(iv) Woman shall have the right to vote, to represent and the right to hold public offices.
Section – D (3 ×6=18 Marks)
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 33.
Analyse the chart shown below and answer the questions that follows: [4]
(i) What does the above chart show?
(ii) Write your observation in death rate after the year 1921.
(iii) What is the core reason behind what you observed in the death rate after the year 1921?
(iv) What was the status of death rate and birth rate before 1931?
(v) By looking at the graph, identify the transitional moment for the population of India.
(vi) What happened after the transitional moment?
Answer:
(i)The chart showcases a comparative data between death and birth rate in terms of rate per 1000 population from the year 1901 to 2011.
(ii) After 1921, the death rate substantially decreases.
(iii) The core reason behind the fall in the death rate after the year 1921 is the heightened levels of control over famines and the spread of epidemic diseases.
(iv) Death rate as well as birth rate were high before 1931.
(v) Death rate as well as birth rate were high before 1931 but both of them started showing the difference in their numbers after 1931. This is termed as transitional moment.
(vi) After the transitional moment, the death rate falls with a high rate but birth rates fall with a low rate.
Question 34.
Read the passage given and answer the questions: [4]
The following observations were made by G.B. Pant during a speech that moved the constitution of the Advisory Committee on fundamental rights, minorities, etc.
“We have to take particular care of the Depressed Classes, the Scheduled Castes, and the Backward Classes…. we must do all we can to bring them up to the general level…. the strength of the chain is measured by the weakest link of it and so until every link is fully revitalized, we will not have a healthy body politic. Recent years have seen renewed debate about the States’ decisions on reservation to this section.”
Based on the given passage, answer the following questions.
(A) Who are referred to as the weakest link of society?
(B) Why should and how can this weakest link be fully revitalised?
(C) Define “Secularisation of Caste”.
Answer:
(i)According to the text, the welfare of a society’s weakest and most marginalised people, such as the Depressed Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Backward Classes, serves as a barometer of that society’s strength. Therefore, it may be concluded that these groups, from a socioeconomic standpoint, are the weakest connections in society.
(ii) It’s critical to address the underlying causes of the weakest link’s vulnerability and disadvantage to fully revitalise that group. For these populations, this can entail putting in place laws and initiatives that support their access to economic opportunity, healthcare, and education.
(iii) The process of eradicating caste from the public realm and institutions of government is known as the “secularisation of caste.”
Question 35.
How has colonialism influenced Indian society in terms of social, economic, and political aspects, leading to the promotion of urbanization? [4]
Answer:
To promote urbanization, colonialism brought about a social, economic & political influence on Indian society.
(i) Social:
- Western education.
- School uniforms with tie.
- Eating of bread, cutlet, omelette, etc.
- Migration of labour to tea plantations & other colonial areas.
- Decline of old urban centres.
- Indian states lost their courts, artisans and gentry.
- Village crafts, and traditional materials declined.
- New social groups emerged. (Any two)
(ii) Economic:
- Traditional exports of cotton and silk manufactured goods declined in the face of Manchester competition.
- Setting up of factories for “their“preference of goods eased out the native production system – go back to agriculture.
- Cities having mechanized factories became heavily populated.
- Coastal cities grew – easy export & import.
- Planning of cities like Bombay, Cantonment towns, etc.
- Factories named after the British. (Any two)
(iii) Political:
- Parliamentary System, Legal System, Police, Administration, and Education based on the British model.
- Official buildings based on British architecture. (Alignment Issues)
- Western education led to rise of nationalism.
- Nation-states became the dominant political form. (Any two)