Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions and marking scheme Set 6 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 6 with Solutions
Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 70
General Instructions:
- All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos. 1 -15 in Section A carry 1 mark each. You are expected to answer them as directed.
- Question Nos. 16-21 in Section B are very short answer type-I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos. 22-24 in Section C are short answer type-II questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos. 25 – 28 in Section D are long answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question Nos. 29-30 in Section E are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words.
- Question Nos. 31 – 34 in Section F are based on two cases given. Answer to each one-mark question should not exceed 20 words. Answer to each two-mark question should not exceed 30 words.
Section-A
Question 1.
Nishant feels very strongly that everyone should love him and he should be selected to represent the school for all competitions. When this does not happen, he feels miserable and is unable to concentrate. Which form of therapy would be the most suitable for him to overcome this problem? [1]
(A) Cognitive therapy
(B) Psychodynamic therapy
(C) Behaviour therapy
(D) Biomedical therapy
Answer:
(A) Cognitive therapy
Explanation:
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking treatment that can help you manage your difficulties by altering the way you think and conduct. It is most typically used to treat anxiety and depression, but it can also help with other mental and physical health issues.
Question 2.
Value judgement of a person about himself/ herself is called …………….. [1]
(A) Self-Esteem
(B) Self-Efficacy
(C) Self-Regulation
(D) Self-Cognition
Answer:
(A) Self-Esteem
Explanation:
Self-esteem is the cognitive and behavioural aspect of self and is of two types – High self-esteem and Low self-esteem.
Question 3.
Imran feels disappointed when he is not able to do everything perfectly, leading him to push himself to achieve unrealistically high standards. Identify the cause of his stress. [1]
(A) Social Pressure
(B) Conflict
(C) Frustration
(D) Internal Pressure
Answer:
(D) Internal Pressure
Explanation:
Internal pressures result from pushing yourself too hard or from worrying about your capacity to match the expectations of others and yourself.
Question 4.
……………… personality seem to possess low motivation are patient and feel they have a lot of time and little work. [1]
(A) Type-A
(B) Type-B
(C) Type-C
(D) Type-D
Answer:
(A) Type-A
Explanation:
characterised by Type-A personality seem to possess high motivation, lack patience, feel short of time, be in a great hurry, and feel like being always preoccupied with work.
Question 5.
Which of the following would a humanistic psychologist not use to explain an individual’s behaviour? [1]
(A) Innately good
(B) Goal-directed and adaptive
(C) Self-actualised
(D) Balance among three competing forces
Answer:
(D) Balance among three competing forces
Explanation:
Balance among three competing forces is what a humanistic psychologist would not use to explain an individual’s behaviour.
Question 6.
Assertion (A): Prescription of medicines for treatment of mental disorders is done by qualified medical professionals known as psychiatrists.
Reason (R): Psychiatrists are specialised in the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. [1]
Answer:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation:
Prescription of medicines for the treatment of mental disorders is done by qualified medical professionals known as psychiatrists. They are medical doctors who have specialised in the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
Question 7.
What is the chief benefit to the client in cognitive therapy? [1]
(A) Emotional insight is gained and the client is able to change his emotions towards the conflict.
(B) The client is able to change maladaptive behaviour to adaptive ones
(C) The client is able to replace irrational thoughts with rational ones
(D) The client is able to achieve personal growth which leads to understanding oneself.
Answer:
(C) The client is able to replace irrational thoughts with rational ones
Explanation:
The core principle of cognitive therapy is that mental health disorders are caused due to irrational belief systems or unhelpful ways of thinking. CBT treatments aim to change these irrational belief systems and thought patterns adopted by the client and convert them into more rational or reasonable ones so that the client is able to come up with problem solving strategies to cope with difficult situations and gain confidence.
Question 8.
Which one of the following is a feature of an attitude? [1]
(A) Centrality
(B) Behavioural
(C) Cognitive
(D) Affective
Answer:
(A) Centrality
Explanation:
Attitude is defined as a set of emotions, beliefs, ideas and behaviours towards a particular object, idea or a person. Attitude comprises of three features or components:
• Affective component: How we ‘feel” towards a particular object, person or an idea.
• Cognitive component: Our beliefs, thoughts or attributions towards a particular object, idea or a person.
• Behavioural component: How we “act” towards a particular object or a person.
Question 9.
……………… refers to repeated association of a desired response with a positive consequence. [1]
(A) Aversion
(B) Positive Reinforcement
(C) Punishment
(D) Flooding
Answer:
(B) Positive Reinforcement
Explanation:
If an adaptive-behaviour occurs rarely, positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit.
Question 10.
The …………… self emerges in relation with others and emphasises such aspects of life as co-operation, unity, affiliation, sacrifice or sharing. [1]
(A) personal
(B) individual
(C) social
(D) positive
Answer:
(C) social
Explanation:
The social self emerges in relation with others and emphasises such aspects of life as cooperation, unity, affiliation, sacrifice, support or sharing.
Question 11.
Which of these therapies help to treat stress, anxiety, post traumatic disorder, depression, etc.? [1]
(A) Yoga
(B) Meditation
(C) Sudarshan Kriya Yoga
(D) CBT
Answer:
(C) Sudarshan Kriya Yoga
Explanation:
The rapid breathing techniques to induce hyperventilation as in Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) is found to be a beneficial, low risk, low-cost adjunct to the treatment of stress, anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, stress related medical illnesses, substance abuse, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
Question 12.
The Tendency of respondent to endorse items in a socially desirable manner is known as …………….. [1]
(A) Acquiescence
(B) Self-report
(C) Social desirability
(D) Halo effect
Answer:
(C) Social desirability
Explanation:
Social desirability refers to the tendency to respond to self report items in a way that makes the respondent look good, rather than to respond in an accurate and truthful manner
Question 13.
Assertion (A): In 1897, Norman Triplett observed that individuals gave better performance in the presence of others than when they are performing the same task alone.
Reason (R): The person will be praised if the performance is good (reward), or criticised if it is bad (punishment).
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. [1]
Answer:
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)
Explanation:
In 1897, Norman Triplett observed that individuals gave better performance in the presence of others than when they are performing the same task alone because of the eagerness to get Praised or Rewarded is stronger. Evaluation apprehension (Cottrell) says that the person will be praised if the performance is good (reward), or criticised if it is bad (punishment). We wish to get praise and avoid criticism; therefore we try to perform well and avoid mistakes.
Question 14.
The process of assigning causes to the behaviour shown in specific social situations is known as: [1]
(A) Attribution
(B) Attitude
(C) Stereotype
(D) Prejudice
Answer:
(A) Attribution
Explanation:
Attributions is the process of inferring the causes of events or behaviours.
Question 15.
According to the Indian approach, personality is a combination of …………… Gunas. [1]
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) None
Answer:
(B) 3
Explanation:
It also describes the three Gunas and says that we are all combinations of these Gunas (qualities) which are Tamas, Rajas and Sattva.
Section-B
Question 16.
Identify the two main problems, that self-report measures, suffer from.
OR
Describe Hierarchical model of Intelligence. [2]
Answer:
Self-report studies offer numerous advantages, but they also have certain drawbacks owing to the way people normally act. Self-reported responses may be inflated; respondents may be too ashamed to share private information; and different biases, such as social desirability bias, may influence the results.
Question 17.
Why is Hans Selye known as ‘father of modern stress researches’? [2]
Answer:
He did many experiments on animals in extreme climatic conditions as well as he observed chronic patients and concluded that reaction of stress is the same. On the basis of his experimental conclusions, he gave a pattern of stress reactions. Hans believed that stresses may be many but responses are only physiological reactions.
Question 18.
Explain any one stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome. [2]
Answer:
1. Alarm Reaction: The presence of a harmful stimulus or stressor leads to activation of the adrenal-pituitary-cortex system. This triggers the release of hormones which produces the stress response and prepares the individual for fight or flight.
2. Resistance: If stress is prolonged, the parasympathetic nervous system calls for more cautious use of the body’s resources. During this stage, an individual makes an effort to cope with the threat.
3. Exhaustion: Continued exposure to the same stressor or additional stressor drains the body of its resources and leads to burn out. The physiological systems involved in the first two stages become ineffective and susceptibility to stress-related diseases like high blood-pressure increases.
(Explain any one stage)
Question 19.
State any two ethical standards that need to be practiced by professional psychotherapists. [2]
Answer:
Professional psychotherapists must follow two fundamental ethical standards:
(a) Confidentiality: Psychologists are required to take reasonable steps and safeguards to protect their patients’ privacy and the confidentiality of their cases.
(b) Debriefing: Debriefing is the process of telling participants about the purposes or goals of the study in which they have recently participated. The researcher informs the participant about deceptive technique. Debriefing ensures that participants leave the research feeling fully informed and secure.
Question 20.
Ananya is a good dancer who is well adjusted in school as she cooperates with her teachers and classmates in all school related activities. She is also liked by friends and family. Identify and explain the types of intelligences that Ananya is exhibiting. [2]
Answer:
Bodily-Kinaesthetic Intelligence: It is an ability to use whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively. Interpersonal Intelligence: It is an ability to understand the subtle aspects of others’ behaviours.
Question 21.
How helpful is rehabilitation for mentally ill patients? [2]
Answer:
Rehabilitation is required to help patients to become self-sufficient. In rehabilitation, the patients are given occupational therapy, social skills training and vocational therapy. In occupational therapy, the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper bag making and weaving to help them to form a work discipline.
Section-C
Question 22.
Shahid showed a reduction in symptoms after he received treatment for schizophrenia. He was sent to the rehabilitation centre to improve his quality of life. What steps would be taken in the rehabilitation centre to help him become a productive member of the community? Explain. [3]
or
Mukesh was given therapy that encouraged him to seek personal growth and actualise his potential. Based on these principles, explain die therapy that is being applied here.
Answer:
Rehabilitation centres help to minimize or slow down the disabling effects of chronic health conditions and psychological disorders and encourage the individual to become a productive and a fully functioning member of the community. There are various methods and treatments used by rehab centres for this purpose:
(i) Occupational therapy: Occupational therapy aims to teach patients how to perform certain tasks, take care of themselves and adapt to their environment in order to help the patients gain autonomy. Patients are also taught specific skills such as candle making, weaving etc., to help them in gaining discipline.
(ii) Social skill training: It is a form of behaviour training for people with psychological disorders which aims to teach them certain social skills and gain confidence. Various techniques such as role playing, positive reinforcement, corrective feedback, etc are used for this purpose.
(iii) Cognitive retraining: This form is training aims to re-establish important cognitive abilities or functions such as attention, memory etc. To help the patient function properly in their environment.
(iv) Vocational training: After the patient shows sufficient progress in their recovery, they are given vocational training which prepares the patients to develop specialised skills to undertake employment, earn financial autonomy, become a fully functioning member of the community and contribute to the society.
OR
The type of therapy given by Mukesh is known as Humanistic therapy.
(i) Humanistic psychologists propose that psychological disorders are caused due to a distorted self-concept. According to them, human beings are innately good, have free will and want to be better and reach their maximum potential by exploring their individuality or uniqueness. Human beings are motivated by their innate capacity to be good and self actualize.
(ii) Humanistic therapy is also known as client centered therapy because this type of therapy focuses primarily on the client, allowing the client to lead the conversations. There are two approaches adopted by humanistic psychologists to carry out therapy:
(iii) Empathy: The therapist offers empathy to the client, seeking to understand their problems and allows them to discover their true authentic selves and find solutions for their concerns and problems.
(iv) Unconditional positive regard: The therapist offers unconditional positive regard to the client by showing them warmth, being receptive, actively listening and being non-judgmental.
• Humanistic therapies provide a free, non-judgmental, supportive and a safe environment to help the client understand their true potential.
• Healing takes place by a process of understanding the unique personal experience of the client by themself. This allows the client to get in touch with who they really are which further facilitates healing and recovery.
Question 23.
Explain somatoform disorders. [3]
Answer:
Somatoform Disorders: Physical symptoms in the absence of a physical disease. Individuals have psychological difficulties and complaints of physical symptoms for which no biological cause exists. E.g., fatigue, headache, vague body pains.
Types:
(a) Pain disorders
(b) Somatisation
(c) Conversion
(d) Hypochondriasis
Question 24.
Are you a member of a certain group? Discuss what motivated you to join that group? [3]
Answer:
I am a member of several organizations.
There are several causes that push me and everyone else to join a group. Among them are:
(i) Security: Groups help to lessen feelings of insecurity. Being with others provides a sense of security and comfort.
(ii) Status: When a group is viewed as prominent, high-profile, and well-known, its members feel acknowledged and ‘enjoy a sense of power’.
(iii) Self-esteem: Belonging to a prominent group improves an individual’s self-concept.
(iii) Psychological and Social requirements Satisfaction: Groups meet social and psychological requirements such as a sense of belonging.
(v) Group Achievement: Groups assist in reaching goals that would be impossible to achieve individually.
Section-D
Question 25.
Raghav is the only earning member of his family. He started working from a very young age and left his studies in between. He is a hardworking and ambitious person but experiences different stressful situations every day. He has been working on his life skills to get rid of it.
How life skills enable individuals to deal effectively with stressful experiences of life? [4]
Answer:
Life skills are the abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life.
They are described below:
(i) Assertiveness: Assertiveness is a behaviour or skill that helps to communicate our feelings, needs, wants and thoughts, clearly and confidently.
(ii) Time Management: Managing time helps to relieve pressure, organising our life and thus leading a balanced life.
(iii) Rational Thinking: This involves challenging your distorted thinking and irrational beliefs, driving out potentially intrusive negative anxiety thoughts and making positive statements.
(iv) Improving Relationships: This involves listening to provoking what the other person is saying, expressing how you feel and what you think and accepting the other person’s opinions and feelings even if they are different from your own.
(v) Self-care: This involves keeping ourselves healthy and relaxed which prepares physically and emotionally to tackle the stresses of everyday life.
Question 26.
Aditya has to use observational methods for personality assessment. Discuss the observation methods used in personality assessment. [4]
Answer:
1. non-participant observation
(i) To observe the person or event from a distance.
(ii) The observer may become part of the group being observed.
(iii) In the first case, the person being observed may not be aware that he/she is being observed. For example, you want to observe the pattern of interaction between teachers and students in a particular class.
Install a video camera to record the classroom activities, which you can see later and analyse.
Alternatively, you may decide to sit in a corner of the class without interfering or participating in their everyday activities. This type of observation is called non-participant observation.
2. Participant observation
(i) In participant observation, the observer becomes a part of the school or the group of people being observed.
(ii) The observer takes some time to establish a rapport with the group so that they start accepting him/her as one of the group members.
(iii) The degree of involvement of the observer with the group being observed would vary depending upon the focus of the study
Question 27.
Discuss factors influencing impression formation while explaining the actor-observer effect in attribution. [4]
Answer:
Impression formation and attribution are influenced by the nature of information available to the perceiver social schemas in the perceiver (including stereotypes) personality characteristics of the perceiver situational factors.
The process of impression formation gets influenced by these factors also which is in turn influenced by:
1. Primacy effect
2. Recency effect
3. Halo effect
Attribution that a person makes for his / her own positive and negative experiences (actor role) and the attribution he/she makes for another person’s positive and negative experiences (observer role) is called actor – observer effect but criteria of attribution become different. When an individual attributes his/her own success, he/she emphasises on internal factors but for failures to the external factors. Whereas he/she attributes success of others giving emphasis to external factors and for failures to the internal factors.
Question 28.
Aman is an eight-year-old who has profound difficulty in relating to other people. Often, he is found to be unresponsive to other people’s feelings and exhibits stereotypical patterns of behaviour. Identify this disorder and describe its features. [4]
OR
A group of youngsters, working in a private firm are going through psychological distress due to the work load. Identify and explain the four factors which contribute to the treatment of psychological distress.
Answer:
Autism Spectrum Disorder under the category of Neuro developmental disorders Children with autism spectrum disorder have marked difficulties in social interaction and communication.
• They have a restricted range of interests.
• They have a strong desire for routine.
• They are unable to share experiences and emotions.
• They show serious abnormalities in communication and language that persist over time.
• Many never develop speech, those who do have repetitive deviant patterns.
• They show narrow patterns of interests and repetitive behaviours such as lining up objects or stereotyped body movements.
OR
Treatment of psychological distress
1. Techniques adopted by the therapist and the implementation of the same.
2. The therapeutic alliance.
3. Unburdening of the emotional problems. (catharsis)
4. Non-specific factors attributable to the client / patient. (patient –variables) and attributable to the therapist (therapist – variables)
OR
any relevant example i.e. relaxation procedure and cognitive restructuring
Section-E
Question 29.
Explain aptitude tests and their types.
OR
How does the Triarchic theory help us to understand intelligence? [6]
Answer:
Aptitude refers to special abilities in a particular field of activity. It is a combination of characteristics that indicate an individual’s capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training. Aptitude tests are available in two forms: Independent (specialised) aptitude tests and Multiple (generalised) aptitude tests. Clerical Aptitude, Mechanical Aptitude, Numerical Aptitude, and Typing Aptitude are independent aptitude tests. Multiple Aptitude Tests exist in the form of test batteries, which measure aptitude in several separate but homogeneous areas. Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT), the General Aptitude Tests Battery (GATB), and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) are well-known aptitude test batteries. Among these, DAT is most commonly used in educational settings. It consists of eight independent Sub Tests: (i) Verbal Reasoning, (ii) Numerical Reasoning, (iii) Abstract Reasoning, (iv) Clerical Speed and Accuracy, (v) Mechanical Reasoning, (vi) Space Relations, (vii) Spelling, and (viii) Language Usage. J.M. Ojha has developed an Indian adaptation of DAT. Several other aptitude tests have been developed in India for measuring scientific, scholastic, literary, clerical, and teaching Aptitudes.
OR
1. Robert J. Sternberg proposes a theory of intelligence based on information processing approach in 1985 known as the Triarchic theory of intelligence.
2. According to Sternberg, intelligence is an ability to adapt, shape and select an environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture.
3. This theory attempts to understand the cognitive processes involved in problem solving.
4. According to him there are three types of intelligences:
(i) Componential intelligence (Analytical): This dimension specifies the cognitive processes that underlie an intelligent behaviour. This dimension serves three different functions:
(a) Knowledge acquisition components: These are the processes used in learning, encoding, combining and comparing information.
(b) Metacomponents: ‘Meta’ means higher. These are executive processes. They control, monitor and evaluate cognitive processing.
(c) Performance components: These components execute strategies prepared by metacomponents to perform a task. For example, while studying, students plan the lesson chapter wise, they make schedules, categorise the learning material and integrates the information to comprehend well.
(ii) Experiential intelligence (Creative): This dimension specifies how experiences affect intelligence and how intelligence affects a person’s experiences.
(a) Experiential intelligence refers to an individual’s ability to make use of one’s past experiences to deal with novel situations creatively and effectively.
(b) This intelligence is mostly high among scientists and creative people.
(c) For example, if a person is trapped in a room, he finds, a way of coming out of the room using rope or ladder etc. in a creative way. He had some knowledge of getting out from this situation by watching a movie a few years back.
(iii) Contextual intelligence (Practical): This dimension specifies the ability to deal with environmental demands on a daily Basis.
(a) It is an individual’s ability to make use of his/her potential to deal with day-today life.
(b) It may be called street smartness or ‘business sense’.
(c) People high in this ability are successful in life.
It deals with the ways by which people handle effectively their environmental demands and adapt to different contexts within available resources.
Question 30.
How does behavioural analysis help us in assessing personality? Explain any two methods of behavioural analysis with their limitations.
OR
How do projective techniques assess personality? Explain any two well-known projective techniques [6]
Answer:
Interview: Interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality. This involves talking to the person being assessed and asking specific questions. Diagnostic interviewing generally involves in-depth interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies given by the person. Interviews may be structured or unstructured depending on the purpose or goals of assessment. In unstructured interviews.
Observation: Use of Observation for a personality assessment is a sophisticated procedure that cannot be carried out by untrained people. It requires careful training of the observer and fairly detailed guidelines to carry out analysis to use observations to assess personality.
Behavioural Ratings: Behavioural ratings are frequently used for personality assessment of individuals in an educational or industrial setting. Behavioural ratings are generally taken from the people who know the assessee intimately and have interacted over a period of time. In order to use ratings the traits should be clearly defined in terms of carefully stated behavioural anchors.
Nominations: in this method people in a group who know each other for a long period are asked to nominate another person from the group with whom they would like to work/play/do some activity. Then they are asked to state the reason why they would have nominated that person.
Situational tests: A variety of situational tests have been devised for the assessment of personality. Most commonly used test is –Situational Stress test. It provides us information on how a person behaves under stressful conditions. In performing this test, the person is given a task under a stressful environment, where others are instructed not to provide any support and act non- cooperative. This is kind of role playing. The subject is observed and a report is prepared.
OR
Projective techniques are indirect method of assessment of personality. These provide us with a real picture of an individual’s personality using indirect method. Projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. These techniques are based on the assumption that a less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project her/ his feelings, desires and needs on to that situation. These projections are interpreted by experts. A variety of projective techniques have been developed; they use various kinds of stimulus materials and situations for assessing personality. Some of them require reporting associations with stimuli (e.g., words, inkblots), some involve story writing around pictures, some require sentence completions, some require expression through drawings, and some require choice of stimuli from a large set of stimuli.
The projective tests of personality which are widely used by psychologists are:
(i) The Rorschach Inkblot Test: This test was developed by Herman Rorschach. The test consists of 10 inkblots. Five of them are in black and white, two with some red ink, and the remaining three in some pastel colours. The blots are symmetrical in design with a specific shape or form. Each blot is printed in the centre of a white cardboard of about 7” × 10” size. The blots were originally made by dropping ink on a piece of paper and then folding the paper in half (hence called inkblot test). The cards are administered individually in two phases. In the first phase, called performance proper, the subjects are shown the cards and are asked to tell what they see in each of them. In the second phase, called inquiry, a detailed report of the response is prepared by asking the subject to tell where, how, and on what basis was a particular response made. Fine judgment is necessary to place the subject’s responses in a meaningful context. The use and interpretation of this test requires extensive training. Computer techniques too have been developed for analysis of data.
(ii) The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): This test was developed by Morgan and Murray. The test consists of 30 black and white picture cards and one blank card. Each picture card depicts one or more people in a variety of situations. Each picture is printed on a card. Some cards are used with adult males or females. Others are used with boys or girls. Still others are used in some combinations. Twenty cards are appropriate for a subject, although a lesser number of cards (even five) have also been successfully used. The cards are presented one at a time. The subject is asked to tell a story describing the situation presented in the picture.
(iii) Sentence Completion Test: This test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences. The starting part of the sentence is first presented and the subject has to provide an ending to the sentence. It is held that the type of endings used by the subjects reflect their attitudes, motivation and conflicts. The test provides subjects with several opportunities to reveal their underlying unconscious motivations.
Section-F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
It has been found that individuals work less hard in a group than they do when performing alone. This points to a phenomenon referred to as ‘social loafing’. Social loading is a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task, i.e., one in which outputs are pooled with those of other group members. An example of such a task is the game of tug-of-war. It is not possible for you to identify how much force each member of the team has been exerting. Such situations give opportunities to group members to relax and become free riders. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in many experiments by Latane and his associates who asked a group of male students to clap or cheer as loudly as possible as they (experimenters) were interested in knowing how much noise people make in social settings. They varied the group size; individuals were either alone, or in groups of two, four and six. The results of the study showed that although the total amount of noise rose, as size increased, the amount of noise produced by each participant dropped. In other words, each participant put in less effort as the group size increased.
Question 31.
Define Social Loafing. [1]
Answer:
Social loafing is a phrase used in social psychology. It’s what happens when someone puts in less effort when they are assessed as part of a group. This amount of effort is lower than when the same person works alone or is rated separately.
Question 32.
What are the causes of Social Loafing? [2]
Answer:
The causes of Social Loafing include
(a) Members feel less responsible for the overall task and thus exert less effort.
(b) The performance of the group isn’t compared with other groups.
(c) Motivation decreases as contributions are not individually evaluated.
(d) No/improper coordination between members.
(e) Belonging to the same group is not important for members (it is only an aggregate of individuals).
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Mark was a 28-year-old single male, who when he entered treatment for the, he suffered from severe obsessive thoughts and images about causing harm to others such as running over pedestrians while he was driving. He also had severe obsessions that he would commit a crime such as robbing a store or poisoning family members or friends. These obsessions were accompanied by lengthy and excessive checking rituals. For example, one day when he drove, he began obsessing that he had caused an accident and hit a pedestrian at an intersection, and he felt compelled to spend several hours driving and walking around all parts of that intersection to find evidence of the accident. At the time Mark went to an anxiety disorder clinic, he was no longer able to live by himself after having lived alone for several years since college. He was a very bright young man with considerable artistic talent. He had finished college at a prestigious school for the arts and had launched a successful career as a young artist when the obsession began in his early 20s. At first, they were focused on the possibility that he would be implicated in some crime that he had committed; later, they evolved to the point where he was afraid that he might actually commit a crime and confess to it. The checking rituals and avoidance of all places where such confessions might occur eventually led to him having to give up his career and his own apartment and move back in with his family.
Question 33.
What are obsessions and compulsions? [1]
Answer:
Obsessions- Being unable to control their preoccupation with specific ideas or certain thoughts that make the individual anxious. CompulsionsBeing unable to stop the impulse to repeatedly carry out certain acts like checking, washing, counting, etc. in order to reduce this anxiety.
Question 34.
What symptoms of obsessions and compulsions were seen in Mark? [2]
Answer:
Mark had severe obsessive thoughts and images about causing harm to others such as running over pedestrians while he was driving. He also had severe obsessions that he would commit a crime such as robbing a store or poisoning family members or friends. These obsessions were accompanied by lengthy and excessive checking rituals. For example, one day when he drove, he began obsessing that he had caused an accident and hit a pedestrian at an intersection, and he felt compelled to spend several hours driving and walking around all parts of that intersection to find evidence of the accident.