Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions and marking scheme Set 3 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 3 with Solutions
Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 70
General Instructions:
- All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos. 1 -15 in Section A carry 1 mark each. You are expected to answer them as directed.
- Question Nos. 16-21 in Section B are very short answer type-I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos. 22-24 in Section C are short answer type-II questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos. 25 – 28 in Section D are long answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question Nos. 29-30 in Section E are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words.
- Question Nos. 31 – 34 in Section F are based on two cases given. Answer to each one-mark question should not exceed 20 words. Answer to each two-mark question should not exceed 30 words.
Section-A
Question 1.
On being assessed for intelligence, Vivan scored high in aspects such as attention, observation, analysis, achievement orientation whereas Ajay scored high in social and emotional skills, self-reflection and 1:4 collectivistic orientation. Which of the following statements reflect these differences seen in Ajay and Vivan? [1]
(A) Ajay is high in technological intelligence.
(B) Vivan is not high in integral intelligence.
(C) Vivan lacks technological intelligence and Ajay lacks integral intelligence.
(D) Vivan is high in technological intelligence and Ajay is high in integral intelligence.
Answer:
(D) Vivan is high in technological intelligence and Ajay is high in integral intelligence.
Explanation:
Technological intelligence deals with adequacy in skills of attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed and achievement orientation. Integral intelligence deals with human emotions and social outlook.
Question 2.
According to teacher, students who have a combination of high ability, high creativity, and high commitment are said to be ………….. [1]
(A) creative
(B) intelligent
(C) gifted
(D) capable
Answer:
(C) gifted
Explanation:
Giftedness is an exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas.
Question 3.
Ankita scores high on the dimension of psychoticism. This can be linked to psychopathology that represents: [1]
(i) A feeling of gratitude for others.
(ii) A tough manner of interacting with people.
(iii) A tendency to defy social conventions.
(iv) Socially conducive behaviour
(v) Hostility, egocentricity.
(A) i, ii, iv and v
(B) i, iii, iv and v
(C) ii, iii and v
(D) ii, iv and v
Answer:
(C) ii, iii and v
Explanation:
Ankita scores high on dimensions of psychotidsm. This can be linked to psychopathology that represent a lack of feeling for others, a tough manner of interacting with people and a tendency to defy social conventions. A person scoring high on this dimension tends to be hostile, egocentric and antisocial.
Question 4.
Which of the following approach describes the process people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving? [1]
(A) The psychometric approach
(B) The personality approach
(C) The information processing approach
(D) The psychological approach
Answer:
(C) The information processing approach
Explanation:
The Information Processing Approach describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving. The major focus of this approach is on how an intelligent person acts.
Question 5.
Which of these is not a type of assessment method? [1]
(A) Case Study
(B) Observation
(C) Self-Report
(D) On-the-job training
Answer:
(D) On-the-job training
Explanation:
On-the-job training is a technique of imparting skill and is not an assessment method.
Question 6.
Assertion (A): Intelligence is a single entity. [1]
Reason (R): Various types of intelligences exist independent of each other.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Explanation:
According to Howard Gardner, intelligence is not a single entity, rather distinct types of intelligence co-exist.
Question 7.
Emotional competence refers to: [1]
(A) Self-monitoring of emotions
(B) Self-competence to handle behaviour
(C) Discrimination of behaviour
(D) Persistence in behaviour
Answer:
(A) Self-monitoring of emotions
Explanation:
The emotions are self-monitored to assess the emotional competence of a person.
Question 8.
Ivaan reached the genital stage of psychosexual development. Which of the following is/are NOT TRUE about this stage? [1]
i. Ivaan has attained maturity in psychosexual development.
ii. This stage lasts from about seven years until puberty.
iii. Physical growth continues and much of lvaan’s energy is channelled into social or achievement-related activities.
iv. ‘ lvaan’s sexuality, fears and repressed feelings of earlier stages are once again exhibited in this stage.
(A) i, ii and iv
(B) ii
(C) ii and iii
(D) i and iii
Answer:
(C) ii and iii
Explanation:
Genital stage does not last from seven years until puberty. During latency stage, physical growth continues in latency stage. This stage lasts from about seven years until puberty. During this period, the child continues to grow physically, but sexual urges are relatively inactive. Much of a child’s energy is channelled into social or achievement related activities.
Question 9.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) refers to: [1]
(A) Chronological age divided by mental age and multiplied by 100.
(B) Chronological age multiplied by mental age and divided by 100.
(C) Mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
(D) Mental age multiplied by chronological age and result multiplied by 100
Answer:
(C) Mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
Explanation:
Mental Age (MA) divided by chronological Age (CA) multiplied by hundred is the formula used for calculating intelligence quotient (IQ). Chronological age is the biological age of the child based on birth date and mental age is arrived at conducting intelligence tests and scoring them.
Question 10.
Enhancement of people’s self-concept is possible by creating an atmosphere of …………….. [1]
(A) conditional positive regard
(B) unconditional positive regard
(C) unconditional and biased regard
(D) identity crisis
Answer:
(B) unconditional positive regard
Explanation:
Enhancement of people’s self concept is possible by creating an environment of unconditional positive regard.
Question 11.
Archetypes can be found in ………….. [1]
(A) Conscious
(B) Preconscious
(C) Myths, dreams, arts and various traditions
(D) Sports-related activities and positive thinking
Answer:
(C) Myths, dreams, arts and various traditions
Explanation:
Archetypes are found in myths, dreams and arts and various traditions. These are not individually acquired, but are inherited.
Question 12.
It is the ……………… that are attacked by the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV), the virus causing Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). [1]
(A) B cells
(B) T-helper cells
(C) T cells
(D) Natural killer cells
Answer:
(B) T-helper cells
Explanation:
It is these T-helper cells that are attacked by the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV), the virus causing Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Question 13.
Assertion (A): High stress too can produce unpleasant effects and cause our performance to deteriorate. [1]
Reason (R): Eustress always turns into distress and also produces unpleasant effects.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
Explanation:
High stress too can produce unpleasant effects and cause our performance to deteriorate. Eustress, however, has the potential of turning into ‘distress’ but not necessarily always.
Question 14.
Which of these is not a form of social support? [1]
(A) Informational
(B) Emotional
(C) Tangible
(D) Positive thinking
Answer:
(D) Positive thinking
Explanation:
Positive thinking is a factor that facilitates positive health but is not a form of social support.
Question 15.
Family and friends also provide ……………… support about stressful events. [1]
(A) informational
(B) psychological
(C) physical
(D) buffer
Answer:
(A) informational
Explanation:
Informational support is a type of social support which is extended by family and close friends.
Section-B
Question 16.
Identify the two main problems, that self-report measures, suffer from.
OR
Describe Hierarchical model of Intelligence? [2]
Answer:
Self-report studies have many advantages, but they also suffer from specific disadvantages due to the way that subjects generally behave. Self-reported answers may be exaggerated; respondents may be too embarrassed to reveal private details; various biases may affect the results, like social desirability bias.
OR
Level I: This level is associative learning in which output is more or less similar to the input as in rote learning.
Level II: This is cognitive competence (sensitivity to contact, understanding discrimination, problem solving and effective communication). It involves higher order skills as they transform the input to produce an effective output.
Question 17.
How is Karen Homey’s viewpoint regarding women different from that of Freud’s? [2]
Answer:
Karen Horney: Women are more likely to be affected by social and cultural factors than by biological factors. Freud – has used males as the prototype of all human personality development. He overlooked female experiences and perspectives. Freud treated women as inferior.
Question 18.
Explain the behavioural effects of stress. [2]
Answer:
Disrupted sleep patterns, increased absenteeism, reduced work performance. Emotion-oriented coping strategy:
Stress affects our behaviour in the form of eating less nutritional food, increased intake of stimulants such as alcohol, cigarettes and other drugs such as tranquillisers. Tranquillisers can be addictive and have side effects such as poor concentration, poor co-ordination and dizziness.
Question 19.
What do you mean by Client Centred Therapy? [2]
Answer:
Client Centred Therapy provides a warm relationship in which the client can reconnect with her/his disintegrated feelings. The therapist shows empathy, i.e., understanding the client’s experience as if it were her/his own, is warm and has unconditional positive regard, i.e., total acceptance of the client as she/he is.
Question 20.
You have been suggested to undergo humanistic-existential therapies by your therapist. What are humanistic existential therapies? [2]
Answer:
Humanistic-Existential therapy creates a permissive, non-judgmental and accepting atmosphere in which the client’s emotions can be freely expressed and the complexity, balance and integration could be achieved. It postulates that psychological distress arises from feelings of loneliness, alienation, and an inability to find meaning and genuine fulfilment in life.
Question 21.
Discuss how attitudes are learnt through exposure to information. [2]
Answer:
In today’s world an individual is exposed to a lot of information with the help of the media, so a negative or positive attitude is formed on the information provided.
By reading the biographies of self-actualised persons, an individual may develop a positive attitude towards hard work and other aspects for achieving success in life.
Section-C
Question 22.
Stress factors broadly fall into three types or categories: physical stress, psychological stress and psychosocial stress. Give the factors of all the three types of stress.
OR
Gordon Allport is considered the pioneer of trait approach. Explain his proposal. [3]
Answer:
Physical stress: Trauma (injury, infection, surgery), intense physical labour/over-exertion, environmental pollution (pesticides, herbicides, toxins, heavy metals, inadequate light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic fields), illness (viral, bacterial, or fungal agents), fatigue, inadequate oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I (low blood sugar), etc.
Psychological stress: Emotional stress (resentments, fears, frustration, sadness, anger, grief/bereavement), cognitive stress (information overload, accelerated sense of time, worry, guilt, shame, jealousy, resistance, attachments, self-criticism, etc.
Psychosocial stress: Relationship/marriage difficulties (partner, siblings, children, family, employer, co-workers, employer), lack of social support, lack of resources for adequate survival, loss of employment/investments/savings, loss of loved ones, bankruptcy, home foreclosure, and isolation.
OR
Gordon Allport is considered the pioneer of trait approach. He proposed that individuals possess a number of traits, which are dynamic in nature. They determine behaviour in such a manner that an individual approaches different situation with similar plans. The traits integrate stimuli and responses which otherwise look dissimilar. Allport argued that the words people use to describe themselves and others provide a basis for understanding human personality. He analysed the words of the English language to look for traits which describe a person. Allport, based on this, categorised traits into cardinal, central, and secondary. Cardinal traits are highly generalised dispositions. They indicate the goal around which a person’s entire life seems to revolve. Central traits are the characteristics that describe the person, like, honest, arrogant, helpful, etc. Secondary traits are the ones that are present or are observed in certain circumstances and not in others, like, the individual’s preferences and dislikes.
Question 23.
What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome? [3]
Answer:
Interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality. This involves talking to the person being assessed and asking specific questions.
(a) Diagnostic interviewing generally involves in depth interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies given by the person. Interviews may be structured or unstructured depending on the purpose or goals of assessment.
(b) A structured interview is a type of interview in which the interviewer asks a particular set of predetermined questions, while the unstructured interview is a type of interview in which the interviewer asks questions that are not prepared in advance.
Question 24.
Explain the properties of therapeutic alliance. [3]
Answer:
Trusting and confiding relationship: This relationship is a trusting and confiding relationship. The high level of trust enables the client to unburden herself/himself to the therapist and confide her/his psychological and personal problems to the latter.
- Unconditional positive regard: The therapist conveys by her/his words and behaviours that she/he is not judging the client and will continue to show the same positive feelings towards the client even if the client is rude or confides all the ‘wrong’ things that s/he may have done or thought about.
- Empathy: The therapist has empathy for the client. Empathy is present when one is able to understand the plight of another person and feel like the other person.
- Confidentiality: The therapeutic alliance also requires that the therapist must keep strict confidentiality of the experiences, events, feelings or thoughts disclosed by the client.
- Professional: Finally, it is a professional relationship, and must remain so.
Section-D
Question 25.
The concept of balance, proposed by Fritz Heider is sometimes described in the form of the ‘P-O-X’ triangle, which represents the relationships between three aspects or components of the attitude. Leon Festinger proposed the concept of cognitive dissonance. It emphasises the cognitive component. State the theory of cognitive dissonance by discussing about the POX triangle. [4]
Answer:
The basic idea of cognitive dissonance is that the cognitive components of an attitude must be ‘consonant’ (opposite of ‘dissonant’), i.e., they should be logically in line with each other. If an individual finds that two cognitions in anattitude are dissonant, then one of them will be changed in the direction of consonance. POX triangle represents the relationships between three aspects or components of the attitude. P is the person whose attitude is being studied, O is another person, and X is the topic towards which the attitude is being studied (attitude object). The basic idea is that an attitude changes if there is a state of imbalance between the P-O attitude, O-X attitude, and P-X attitude. This is because the imbalance is logically uncomfortable. Therefore, the attitude changes in the direction of balance.
Question 26.
The form of Gestalt therapy practiced today utilises ideas, data, and interventions from multiple sources, as well as some of the original techniques known to be ‘Gestalt therapy techniques.’ List down the uses and benefits, relationships problems and other potential benefits of Gestalt therapy. [4]
Answer:
Uses and Benefits: There are a variety of conditions that Gestalt therapy may be used to treat, including: Anxiety, Depression, Low self-efficacy, Low self-esteem.
Relationship problems: Gestalt therapy can also be useful for helping people gain greater self-awareness and a greater ability to live in the present moment.
Other potential benefits may include:
- An improved sense of self-control
- Better ability to monitor and regulate mental states
- Better awareness of your needs
- Better tolerance for negative emotions
- Improved communication skills
Question 27.
Explain the different features of attitude. [4]
Answer:
- Valence (positivity or negativity). Valence of an attitudes tells us whether the attitude is positive or- negative towards to attitude objects.
- Extremeness indicates how positive or negative an attitude is.
- Simplicity or Complexity (multiplexity) refers to how many attitudes there are within a broader attitude. An attitude system is said to be ‘simple’ if it contains only one or a few attitudes and ‘complex’ if it is made up of many attitudes.
- Centrality: This refers to the role of a particular attitude in the system much more than non-central (or peripheral) attitudes. Positive attitude towards education influences various other attitudes e.g., attitudes towards knowledge or attitude towards work.
Question 28.
Tarini is 18-years old. She always likes to be a part of a group rather than being out of the group. She also performs better in a group. What are social influences and how will the group influence her behaviour? [4]
OR
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence. Reflect on his proposal.
Answer:
Social influences: Those processes whereby our attitudes and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people. Kelman (1958) is an author who has posed about social influence. Your parents teachers, friends radio and television commercials create one or the other kinds of serial influences.
Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour:
1. Social facilitations: Performance on specific tasks is influenced by the mere presence of others.
2. Social Loafing: This is the reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task that is the one in which outputs are pooled with those of other group members.
- Individuals performing an activity with the others as part of a larger group.
- Individuals work less hard in a group than alone.
- Don’t know much effort each one is putting in.
- Presence of others leads to arousal; motivates individuals to enhance their performance (only when a person’s efforts are individually evaluated).
OR
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence and existential intelligence.
Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinaesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Section-E
Question 29.
Explain the recurring theories to study abnormal behaviour by providing the classification of psychological disorders.
OR
List down the treatment, chief benefit to the client and duration of psychodynamic therapy, behavioural therapy and existential therapy? [6]
Answer:
Classification of Psychological disorders:
Classification refers to a list of categories of specific Psychological disorders grouped into various classes on the basis of some shared characteristics.
Main Classification.
- ICD-10: Developed by WHO. This is the official classification in India. The classification is based on symptoms under on broad heading i.e., Mental disorders.
- DSM IV: Developed by APA. It is multiaxial. It is very comprehensive because classification is based on biological, psychological and social factors, causes and prognosis of disorders.
Recurring Theories to Study Abnormal Behaviour:
- Ancient theory suggests some people are possessed by supernatural and magical forces such as evil spirits. Exorcism (removing the evil residing in the individual through prayer) is still commonly used. Shaman or medicine man has contact with supernatural forces, medium of communication between human and spirits.
- Biological/Organic approach links defective biological processes to maladaptive behaviour.
- According to psychological approach problems caused by inadequacies in the way an individual thinks, feels and perceives.
OR
(i) Psychodynamic
Treatment: Free association and reporting of dreams-elicit the thought and feelings of the client. Interpreted to the client to help him/her to confront and resolve the conflicts.
Chief benefit to client: Emotional insight: Client understands conflicts intellectually; accepts the same emotionally; changes his/her emotions towards the conflicts.
Duration: Several years (classical psychoanalysis); 10-15 sessions (recent versions).
(ii) Behavioural
Treatment: Alternate behavioural contingencies. Cognitive methods which challenge faulty thinking patterns.
Chief benefit to client: Instituting adaptive or healthy behaviour and thought patterns.
Duration: Few months
(iii) Existential
Treatment: Positive, accepting, and nonjudgemental environment. Client is able to talk about the problems. Therapist acts as a facilitator.
Chief benefit to client: Personal growth: The process of gaining increasing understanding of oneself, one’s aspirations, emotions and motives.
Duration: Few months
Question 30.
What is the role of the therapist during the humanistic-existential therapy, existential therapy: Logotherapy, existential therapy: client-centred therapy and existential therapy: Gestalt therapy.
OR
Explain the role of the experimental method in psychology. Explain the answer with an example of a psychological experiment that demonstrates its key components, and discuss ethical concerns in psychological research. [6]
Answer:
(i) Humanistic-existential therapy
Role of a therapist: The fundamental assumption is that the client has the freedom and responsibility to control her/his own behaviour. The therapist is merely a facilitator and guide. It is the client who is responsible for the success of therapy.
(ii) Existential therapy: Logotherapy
Role of a therapist: In Logotherapy, the therapist is open and shares her/his feelings, values and his/her own existence with the client. The emphasis is on here and now. Transference is actively discouraged. The therapist reminds the client about the immediacy of the present. In logotherapy the therapist encourages the search for meaning in life even in the face of suffering.
(iii) Existential therapy: Client-centred therapy
Role of a therapist: The therapist reflects the feelings of the client in a non-judgmental manner. The reflection is achieved by rephrasing the statements of the client, i.e., seeking simple clarifications to enhance the meaning of the client’s statements. This process of reflection helps the client to become integrated. Personal relationships improve with an increase in adjustment.
(iv) Existential therapy: Gestalt therapy
Role of a therapist: The client is taught to recognise the bodily processes and the emotions that are being blocked out from awareness. The therapist does this by encouraging the client to act out fantasies about feelings and conflicts. This therapy can also be used in group settings.
Section-F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Mark was a 28-year-old single male when, entered for the treatment, suffered from severe obsessive thoughts and images about causing harm to others such as running over pedestrians while he was driving. He also had severe obsessions that he would commit a crime such as robbing a store or poisoning family members or friends. These obsessions were accompanied by lengthy and excessive checking rituals. For example, one day when he drove, he began obsessing that he had caused an accident and hit a pedestrian at an intersection, and he felt compelled to spend several hours driving and walking around all parts of that intersection to find evidence of the accident.
At the time Mark went to an anxiety disorder clinic, he was no longer able to live by himself after living alone for several years since college. He was a very bright young man with considerable artistic talent. He had finished college at a prestigious school for the arts and had launched a successful career as a young artist when the obsession began in his early 20s. At first, they were focused on the possibility that he would be implicated in some crime that he had committed; later, they evolved to the point where he was afraid that he might actually commit a crime and confess to it. The checking rituals and avoidance of all places where such confessions might occur eventually led to him having to give up his career and his own apartment and move back in with his family.
Question 31.
What symptoms of obsession and compulsion were in Mark? [1]
Answer:
Mark had severe obsessive thoughts and images about causing harm to others such as running over pedestrians while he was driving. He also had severe obsessions that he would commit a crime such as robbing a store or poisoning family members or friends. These obsessions were accompanied by lengthy and excessive checking rituals. For example, one day when he drove, he began obsessing that he had caused an accident and hit a pedestrian at an intersection, and he felt compelled to spend several hours driving and walking around all parts of that intersection to find evidence of the accident.
Question 32.
How did these obsession and compulsions affect Mark? [2]
Answer:
Mark couldn’t live by himself and this disorder had made his professional, social and personal relationships difficult. He wanted to seek treatment.
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
The symptoms of schizophrenia can be grouped into three categories, viz. Positive symptoms (i.e., excesses of thought, emotion, and behaviour), negative symptoms (i.e., deficits of thought, emotion, and behaviour), and psychomotor symptoms. Positive symptoms are ‘pathological excesses’ or’ bizarre additions’ to a person’s behaviour. Delusions, disorganised thinking and speech, heightened perception and hallucinations, and inappropriate effects are the ones most often found in schizophrenia. Many people with schizophrenia develop delusions. A delusion is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. It is not affected by rational argument and has no basis in reality.
Question 33.
What are delusions? [1]
Answer:
A delusion is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. It is not affected by rational argument and has no basis in reality.
Question 34.
What do you mean by negative symptoms of schizophrenia? [2]
Answer:
Negative symptoms are ‘pathological deficits’ that occur in the individual that has schizophrenia. The symptoms include poverty of speech (alogia), blunted or flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal.